{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,1]],"date-time":"2026-05-01T04:39:44Z","timestamp":1777610384290,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637107200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009054","name":"U.S. President\u2019s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CoAg #GH001612"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CoAg #GH001612"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Despite Rwanda\u2019s progress toward HIV epidemic control, 16.2% of HIV-positive individuals are unaware of their HIV positive status. Tailoring the public health strategy could help reach these individuals with new HIV infection and achieve epidemic control. Recency testing is primarily for surveillance, monitoring, and evaluation but it\u2019s not for diagnostic purposes. However, it\u2019s important to know what proportion of the newly diagnosed are recent infections so that HIV prevention can be tailored to the profile of people who are recently infected. We therefore used available national data to characterize individuals with recent HIV infection in Rwanda to inform the epidemic response.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We included all national-level data for recency testing reported from October 2018 to June 2020. Eligible participants were adults (aged \u226515 years) who had a new HIV diagnosis, who self-reported being antiretroviral therapy (ART) na\u00efve, and who had consented to recency testing. Numbers and proportions of recent HIV infections were estimated, and precision around these estimates was calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with being recently (within 12 months) infected with HIV.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of 7,785 eligible individuals with a new HIV-positive diagnosis, 475 (6.1%) met the criteria for RITA recent infection. The proportion of RITA recent infections among individuals with newly identified HIV was high among those aged 15\u201324 years (9.6%) and in men aged \u226565 years (10.3%) compared to other age groups; and were higher among women (6.7%) than men (5.1%). Of all recent cases, 68.8% were women, and 72.2% were aged 15\u201334 years. The Northern province had the fewest individuals with newly diagnosed HIV but had the highest proportion of recent infections (10.0%) compared to other provinces. Recent infections decreased by 19.6% per unit change in time (measured in months). Patients aged \u226525 years were less likely to have recent infection than those aged 15\u201324 years with those aged 35\u201349 years being the least likely to have recent infection compared to those aged 15\u201324 years (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 0.415 [95% CI: 0.316\u20130.544]).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Public health surveillance targeting the areas and the identified groups with high risk of recent infection could help improve outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259708","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T18:34:19Z","timestamp":1637174059000},"page":"e0259708","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Recent infections among individuals with a new HIV diagnosis in Rwanda, 2018\u20132020"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gallican N.","family":"Rwibasira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel S.","family":"Malamba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9552-3298","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gentille","family":"Musengimana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Richard C. M.","family":"Nkunda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"Omolo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Remera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vedaste","family":"Masengesho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Valens","family":"Mbonitegeka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tafadzwa","family":"Dzinamarira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eugenie","family":"Kayirangwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Placidie","family":"Mugwaneza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0259708.ref001","unstructured":"(UNAIDS). UNAIDS data 2019. 2019. [Internet]. 2018 [Accessed 2020 Dec 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/unaids-data-2018_en.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0259708.ref002","unstructured":"UNAIDs. The UNAIDS Data 2018. 2018. [Internet]. Science (80-). 2019 [Accessed 2020 Dec 27]. Available from: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/en\/resources\/documents\/2019\/2019-UNAIDS-data"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0259708.ref003","first-page":"1","article-title":"Treating all people living with HIV in sub-Saharan Africa: a new era calling for new approaches","volume":"4","author":"D Nash","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Virus Erad"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0259708.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25279","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25279","article-title":"Early outcomes after implementation of treat all in Rwanda: an interrupted time series study","volume":"22","author":"J Ross","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0259708.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000001555","article-title":"Improving HIV test uptake and case finding with assisted partner notification services","volume":"31","author":"S Dalal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aids"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0259708.ref006","first-page":"484","article-title":"Surveillance of recent HIV infections among newly diagnosed HIV cases in Germany between 2008 and 2014BMC Infect Dis","volume":"17","author":"A Hofmann","year":"2017"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0259708.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"896","DOI":"10.1089\/aid.2018.0284","article-title":"Field Validation of Limiting-Antigen Avidity Enzyme Immunoassay to Estimate HIV-1 Incidence in Cross-Sectional Survey in Swaziland","volume":"35","author":"YT Duong","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0259708.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e457","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(17)30124-8","article-title":"Household survey of HIV incidence in Rwanda: a national observational cohort study","volume":"4","author":"S Nsanzimana","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Lancet HIV"},{"key":"pone.0259708.ref009","unstructured":"Rwanda Ministry of Health. Rwanda Population-based HIV Impact Assessment RPHIA 2018\u20132019 [Internet]. 2020 [Accessed 2021 Apr 8]. Available from: https:\/\/phia.icap.columbia.edu\/countries\/rwanda\/"},{"key":"pone.0259708.ref010","unstructured":"Rwanda Ministry of Health. NATIONAL HIV\/AIDS TARGETS 2018-2020-2030 [Internet]. 2018 [Accessed 2021 Apr 8]. Available from: https:\/\/rbc.gov.rw\/IMG\/pdf\/rwanda_hiv_aids_2020_and_2030_targets.pdf"},{"key":"pone.0259708.ref011","unstructured":"Asant\u00e9, HIV-1 T, Recency R, Assay. Rapid in vitro immunoassay for determining recency of Human Immunodeficiency VirusType 1 (HIV-1) infections. 2019."},{"key":"pone.0259708.ref012","article-title":"Validation of the Asante HIV-1 Rapid Recency Assay for Detection of Recent HIV-1 Infections in Uganda","author":"RM Galiwango","year":"2021","journal-title":"AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses"},{"key":"pone.0259708.ref013","author":"H Hoang","journal-title":"Use of asantetm rapid recency assay to distinguish recent from long term hiv-1 infection: field validation in viet nam"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0259708.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES2014.19.2.20673","article-title":"Recent infection testing algorithm (RITA) applied to new HIV diagnoses in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, 2009 to 2011","volume":"19","author":"A Aghaizu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Euro Surveill"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0259708.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462418817050","article-title":"Female sex workers in Kigali, Rwanda: a key population at risk of HIV, sexually transmitted infections, and unplanned pregnancy","volume":"30","author":"R Ingabire","year":"2019","journal-title":"International journal of STD & AIDS"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0259708.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1177\/0956462414555931","article-title":"Estimation of the size of the female sex worker population in Rwanda using three different methods","volume":"26","author":"M Mutagoma","year":"2015","journal-title":"International journal of STD & AIDS"},{"key":"pone.0259708.ref017","author":"CJ Binagwaho Agnes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Elisabetta Exploring HIV Risk among MSM in Kigali, Rwanda"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0259708.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002317","article-title":"Brief Report: Recent HIV Infection Surveillance in Routine HIV Testing in Nairobi, Kenya: A Feasibility Study","volume":"84","author":"S Welty","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0259708.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1093\/eurpub\/ckr179","article-title":"Identification of recent HIV-1 infection among newly diagnosed cases in Catalonia, Spain (2006\u201308)","volume":"22","author":"A Romero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur J Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0259708.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1186\/s12887-018-1235-3","article-title":"Feasibility and utility of active case finding of HIV-infected children and adolescents by provider-initiated testing and counselling: evidence from the Laquintinie hospital in Douala, Cameroon","volume":"18","author":"CI Penda","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Pediatr"},{"key":"pone.0259708.ref021","unstructured":"AIDS TEGP, Foundation Keneya Project. HIV Status Disclosure and Testing Among Sexual Partners of People Living with HIV: Lessons Learned from Project Keneya[Internet]. Available from: https:\/\/www.pedaids.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2017\/11\/DisclosureBrief_Apr24-pages.pdf"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0259708","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]],"date-time":"2021-11-17T18:34:59Z","timestamp":1637174099000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0259708"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Xinli","family":"Lu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]},"references-count":21,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0259708","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,17]]}}}