{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,19]],"date-time":"2026-10-19T01:32:08Z","timestamp":1792373528517,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646956800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Tyler J and Frances F Young Foundation"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100018095","name":"Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100018095","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"Stamps Family Charitable Foundation"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Francisella tularensis<\/jats:italic>is the etiologic agent of tularemia and a Tier I Select Agent. Subspecies<jats:italic>tularensis<\/jats:italic>(Type A) is the most virulent of the four subspecies and inhalation of as few as 10 cells can cause severe disease in humans. Due to its niche as a facultative intracellular pathogen, a successful tularemia vaccine must induce a robust cellular immune response, which is best achieved by a live, attenuated strain.<jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>tularensis<\/jats:italic>strains lacking lipopolysaccharide (LPS) O-antigen are highly attenuated, but do not persist in the host long enough to induce protective immunity. Increasing the persistence of an O-antigen mutant may help stimulate protective immunity. Alginate encapsulation is frequently used with probiotics to increase persistence of bacteria within the gastrointestinal system, and was used to encapsulate the highly attenuated LVS O-antigen mutant WbtI<jats:sub>G191V<\/jats:sub>. Encapsulation with alginate followed by a poly-L-lysine\/alginate coating increased survival of WbtI<jats:sub>G191V<\/jats:sub>in complement-active serum. In addition, BALB\/c mice immunized intraperitoneally with encapsulated WbtI<jats:sub>G191V<\/jats:sub>combined with purified LPS survived longer than mock-immunized mice following intranasal challenge. Alginate encapsulation of the bacteria also increased antibody titers compared to non-encapsulated bacteria. These data suggest that alginate encapsulation provides a slow-release vehicle for bacterial deposits, as evidenced by the increased antibody titer and increased persistence in serum compared to freely suspended cells. Survival of mice against high-dose intranasal challenge with the LVS wildtype was similar between mice immunized within alginate capsules or with LVS, possibly due to the low number of animals used, but bacterial loads in the liver and spleen were the lowest in mice immunized with WbtI<jats:sub>G191V<\/jats:sub>and LPS in beads. However, an analysis of the immune response of surviving mice indicated that those vaccinated with the alginate vehicle upregulated cell-mediated immune pathways to a lesser extent than LVS-vaccinated mice. In summary, this vehicle, as formulated, may be more effective for pathogens that require predominately antibody-mediated immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259807","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]],"date-time":"2022-03-11T18:28:05Z","timestamp":1647023285000},"page":"e0259807","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Alginate microencapsulation of an attenuated O-antigen mutant of Francisella tularensis LVS as a model for a vaccine delivery vehicle"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7500-3914","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kelly C.","family":"Freudenberger Catanzaro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kevin K.","family":"Lahmers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irving C.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5769-5902","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Thomas J.","family":"Inzana","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0259807.ref001","unstructured":"Services CfDCaPaDoHaH. 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