{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:01:35Z","timestamp":1787022095391,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":92,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636934400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003668","name":"Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["321016-01-1-HD020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["321016-01-1-HD020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. are protozoan parasites that belong to subphylum apicomplexa and cause diarrhea in humans and animals worldwide. Data on the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and its subtypes among calves in the Republic of Korea (KOR) are sparse. Hence, our study aimed to investigate the prevalence and association between the age of calf and the identified\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and to determine the genotypes\/subtypes of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. in pre-weaned calves with diarrhea in the KOR. A total of 460 diarrheic fecal samples were collected from calves aged 1\u221260 days and screened for\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. by the 18S rRNA gene. Species identification was determined using the sequencing analysis of the 18S rRNA gene, and\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    -positive samples were subtyped via the sequence analysis of the 60-kDa glycoprotein (\n                    <jats:italic>gp60<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) gene. Sequence analysis based on the 18S rRNA gene revealed the presence of three\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., namely,\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 72),\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>ryanae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 12), and\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>bovis<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 2). Co-infection by these species was not observed. The infection rate was the highest in calves aged 11\u221220 days (26.1%, 95% CI 17.1\u221235.1), whereas the lowest rate was observed in calves aged 21\u221230 days (7.7%, 95% CI 0.0\u221216.1). The prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    was detected exclusively in calves aged \u226420 days, and the highest infection rate of\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>ryanae<\/jats:italic>\n                    was seen in calves \u226531 days of age. The occurrence of\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 25.300,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.000) and\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>ryanae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\u03c7\n                    <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                    = 18.020,\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.001) was significantly associated with the age of the calves. Eleven different subtypes of the IIa family that belonging to\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    were recognized via the sequence analyses of the\n                    <jats:italic>gp60<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene. Except for two (IIaA18G3R1 and IIaA15G2R1) subtypes, nine subtypes were first identified in calves with diarrhea in the KOR. IIaA18G3R1 was the most frequently detected subtype (72.2% of calves), followed by IIaA17G3R1 (5.6%), IIaA15G2R1 (4.2%), IIaA19G4R1 (4.2%), IIaA16G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA17G4R1 (2.8%), IIaA19G3R (2.8%), IIaA14G1R1 (1.4%), IIaA14G3R1 (1.4%), IIaA15G1R1 (1.4%), and IIaA19G1R1 (1.4%) These results suggest that the prevalence of\n                    <jats:italic>Cryptosporidium<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. is significantly associated with calf age. Furthermore, the findings demonstrate the high genetic diversity of\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    and the widespread occurrence of zoonotic\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>parvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    in pre-weaned calves. Hence, calves are a potential source of zoonotic transmission with considerable public health implications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0259824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]],"date-time":"2021-11-15T13:40:38Z","timestamp":1636983638000},"page":"e0259824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Prevalence and distribution pattern of Cryptosporidium spp. among pre-weaned diarrheic calves in the Republic of Korea"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Dong-Hun","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyung-Chul","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seung-Uk","family":"Shin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Mi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu-Jin","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunwoo","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5235-5717","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jinho","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2271-5360","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kyoung-Seong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0259824.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetpar.2004.09.004","article-title":"Cryptosporidium: 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