{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,27]],"date-time":"2026-10-27T13:53:04Z","timestamp":1793109184927,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education's program","award":["No. 005 \/ RID \/ 2018\/19"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No. 005 \/ RID \/ 2018\/19"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mulberry (<jats:italic>Morus alba L<\/jats:italic>.), and above all the extract from the leaves of this plant, is a natural medicine that has been used in traditional medicine for hundreds of years. Mulberry leaves contains polyphenol compounds: flavonoids, coumarins, numerous phenolic acids, as well as terpenes and steroids. The antioxidant effect of these compounds may be beneficial to the fat fraction of meat products, thereby increasing their functional qualities. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the use of mulberry water leaf extract, as an additive limiting adverse fat changes and affecting the functionality in model liver p\u00e2t\u00e9s. Pork p\u00e2t\u00e9s were prepared by replacing 20% of animal fat with rapeseed oil (RO), and water extract of mulberry leaves was added in the proportion of 0.2%, 0.6% and 1.0%. It has been shown that the addition of mulberry leaf extract delayed the appearance of primary and secondary fat oxidation products. The most effective antioxidant effect during 15-day storage was observed in the sample with the addition of 0.6% and 1.0% water mulberry leaf extract. These samples also showed inhibiting activity against angiotensin-converting enzymes and cholinesterase\u2019s. During storage, the tested p\u00e2t\u00e9s had a high sensory quality with unchanged microbiological quality. Mulberry leaf extract can be an interesting addition to the production of fat meat products, delaying adverse changes in the lipid fraction and increasing the functionality of products.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260030","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T18:46:45Z","timestamp":1640285205000},"page":"e0260030","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effect of Morus alba leaf extract dose on lipid oxidation, microbiological stability, and sensory evaluation of functional liver p\u00e2t\u00e9s during refrigerated storage"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3090-4073","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Bilska","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"48","key":"pone.0260030.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10383","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.7b03614","article-title":"The mulberry (Morus alba L.) fruit\u2014A Review of characteristic components and health benefits","volume":"65","author":"Q Yuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"69","key":"pone.0260030.ref002","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of Mulberry Fruit (Morus alba L.) Consumption on Health Outcomes: A Mini-Review","volume":"7","author":"H Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0260030.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0b013e3280dce5af","article-title":"Mulberry leaf extract prevents amyloid beta-peptide fibril formation and neurotoxicity","volume":"18","author":"T Niidome","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260030.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.3164\/jcbn.10-53","article-title":"Effects of mulberry leaf extract rich in 1-deoxynojirimycin on blood lipid profiles in humans","volume":"47","author":"Y Kojima","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Clin Biochem Nutr"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260030.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1248\/bpb.29.270","article-title":"Enhancement of neuroprotection of mulberry leaves (Morus alba L.) prepared by the anaerobic treatment against ischemic damage","volume":"29","author":"TH Kang","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biol Pharm Bull"},{"issue":"05","key":"pone.0260030.ref006","first-page":"130","article-title":"Mulberry fruit as an antioxidant component in muesli","volume":"04","author":"J Kobus-Cisowska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agric Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260030.ref007","first-page":"237","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of Paratha type flat bread enriched with white mulberry leaf extract.","volume":"15","author":"M Przeor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Indian J Tradit Knowl"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260030.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejbt.2019.03.007","article-title":"Cholinesterase inhibitory activity, antioxidative potential and microbial stability of innovative liver p\u00e2t\u00e9 fortified with rosemary extract (Rosmarinus officinalis).","volume":"40","author":"A Bilska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electron J Biotechnol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260030.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2014.01.011","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of extracts from Ginkgo biloba leaves in meatballs.","volume":"97","author":"J Kobus-Cisowska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260030.ref010","first-page":"4","article-title":"Antioxidant activity and phenolic compounds of mulberry, Morus alba (L) (Variety: Baramatiwali).","volume":"4","author":"VB Khyade","year":"2016","journal-title":"J od Med Plants Stud"},{"key":"pone.0260030.ref011","first-page":"1","author":"ISO 3960:2017 Animal and vegetable fats and oils","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0260030.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)64849-5","article-title":"A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues [Internet].","volume":"226","author":"J Folch","year":"1957","journal-title":"Journal of Biological Chemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260030.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02630824","article-title":"A distillation method for the quantitative determination of malonaldehyde in rancid foods","volume":"37","author":"BG Tarladgis","year":"1960","journal-title":"J Am Oil Chem Soc"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0260030.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00089a022","article-title":"Evaluation of three modified TBA methods for measuring lipid oxidation in chicken meat","volume":"37","author":"J Pikul","year":"1989","journal-title":"J Agric Food Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260030.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(61)90145-9","article-title":"A new and rapid colorimetric determination of acetylcholinesterase activity","volume":"7","author":"GL Ellman","year":"1961","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260030.ref016","first-page":"1","article-title":"Composition and in vitro effects of cultivars of humulus lupulus L. Hops on cholinesterase activity and microbial growth","volume":"11","author":"J Kobus-Cisowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0260030.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1637","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-2952(71)90292-9","article-title":"Spectrophotometric assay and properties of the angiotensin-converting enzyme of rabbit lung","volume":"20","author":"DW Cushman","year":"1971","journal-title":"Biochem Pharmacol"},{"key":"pone.0260030.ref018","first-page":"1","article-title":"ISO 4833\u20131:2013 Microbiology of the food chain\u2014Horizontal method for the enumeration of microorganisms\u2014Part 1: Colony count at 30 degrees C by the pour plate technique","year":"2013","journal-title":"Technical Committee: ISO\/TC 34\/SC 9 Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0260030.ref019","first-page":"1","article-title":"Meat and meat products. Microbiological testing. Detection of the presence and determination of the number of enterococci.","author":"PN-A-82055-7:1997","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0260030.ref020","first-page":"1","article-title":"ISO 21528\u20131:2017 Microbiology of the food chain\u2014Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae\u2014Part 1: Detection of Enterobacteriaceae","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technical Committee: ISO\/TC 34\/SC 9 Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0260030.ref021","first-page":"1","article-title":"ISO 21528\u20132:2017(en) Microbiology of the food chain\u2014Horizontal method for the detection and enumeration of Enterobacteriaceae\u2014Part 2: Colony-count technique.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Technical Committee: ISO\/TC 34\/SC 9 Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0260030.ref022","first-page":"1","article-title":"ISO 13720:2010 Meat and meat products\u2014Enumeration of presumptive Pseudomonas spp.","year":"2010","journal-title":"In: Technical Committee: ISO\/TC 34\/SC 9 Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0260030.ref023","first-page":"1","article-title":"ISO 2917:1999(en) Meat and meat products\u2014Measurement of pH\u2014Reference method","year":"1999","journal-title":"Technical Committee ISO\/TC 34"},{"key":"pone.0260030.ref024","first-page":"1","article-title":"ISO 5492:2008","year":"2008","journal-title":"Sensory analysis\u2014Vocabulary"},{"key":"pone.0260030.ref025","first-page":"1","article-title":"ISO 13299:2016","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sensory analysis\u2014Methodology\u2014General guidance for establishing a sensory profile"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0260030.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2012.05.064","article-title":"Antioxidant capacity and angiotensin I converting enzyme inhibitory activity of a melon concentrate rich in superoxide dismutase","volume":"135","author":"J Carillon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260030.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4112","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.8928","article-title":"Effect of liver p\u00e2t\u00e9 enrichment with flaxseed oil and flaxseed extract on lipid composition and stability","volume":"98","author":"A Bilska","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Sci Food Agric"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260030.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2013.06.025","article-title":"TBARS predictive models of pork sausages stored at different temperatures","volume":"96","author":"F Wenjiao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260030.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1016\/j.meatsci.2005.08.005","article-title":"Effectiveness of rosemary essential oil as an inhibitor of lipid and protein oxidation: Contradictory effects in different types of frankfurters","volume":"72","author":"M Est\u00e9vez","year":"2006","journal-title":"Meat Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260030.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.01.038","article-title":"Effect of fat content on physical, microbial, lipid and protein changes during chill storage of foal liver p\u00e2t\u00e9","volume":"155","author":"JM Lorenzo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0260030.ref031","first-page":"271","article-title":"Diversity of microflora in meat and meat products.","volume":"14","author":"N Cukon","year":"2012","journal-title":"Meso"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260030.ref032","first-page":"1","article-title":"In vitro screening for acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase inhibition and antimicrobial activity of chia seeds (Salvia hispanica)","volume":"37","author":"J Kobus-Cisowska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Electron J Biotechnol [Internet]."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260030.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2015.04.013","article-title":"Rosemary tea consumption results to anxiolytic- and anti-depressant-like behavior of adult male mice and inhibits all cerebral area and liver cholinesterase activity; Phytochemical investigation and in silico studies","volume":"237","author":"AV Ferlemi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem Biol Interact [Internet]."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260030.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fitote.2013.09.012","article-title":"Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaf extract improves memory impairment and affects acetylcholinesterase and butyrylcholinesterase activities in rat brain","volume":"91","author":"M Ozarowski","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fitoterapia"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260030.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"820","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.06.018","article-title":"Phenolics and polyphenolics in foods, beverages and spices: Antioxidant activity and health effects\u2014A review.","volume":"18","author":"F Shahidi","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Funct Foods [Internet]"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260030","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T18:47:28Z","timestamp":1640285248000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260030"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sajid","family":"Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"references-count":35,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260030","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]}}}