{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,14]],"date-time":"2025-05-14T04:15:39Z","timestamp":1747196139960,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Academy of Medical Sciences and Wellcome Trust","award":["AMS_HOP001\\1060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AMS_HOP001\\1060"]}]},{"name":"NIHR Southampton Biomedical Reseaarch Centre and University of Southampton Primary Care, Population Sciences and Medical Education","award":["PhD Studentship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PhD Studentship"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Maternal smoking is established to cause adverse birth outcomes, but evidence considering maternal smoking change across successive pregnancies is sparse. We examined the association between self-reported maternal smoking during and between the first two pregnancies with the odds of small for gestational age (SGA) birth (&lt;10<jats:sup>th<\/jats:sup>percentile) in the second infant.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Records for the first two pregnancies for 16791 women within the SLOPE (Studying Lifecourse Obesity PrEdictors) study were analysed. This is a population-based cohort of prospectively collected anonymised antenatal and birth healthcare data (2003\u20132018) in Hampshire, UK. Logistic regression was used to relate maternal smoking change to the odds of SGA birth in the second infant.<\/jats:p><jats:p>In the full sample, compared to never smokers, mothers smoking at the start of the first pregnancy had higher odds of SGA birth in the second pregnancy even where they stopped smoking before the first antenatal appointment for the second pregnancy (adjusted odds ratio (aOR) 1.50 [95% confidence interval 1.10, 2.03]). If a mother was not a smoker at the first antenatal appointment for either her first or her second pregnancy, but smoked later in her first pregnancy or between pregnancies, there was no evidence of increased risk of SGA birth in the second pregnancy compared to never smokers. A mother who smoked ten or more cigarettes a day at the start of both of her first two pregnancies had the highest odds of SGA birth (3.54 [2.55, 4.92]). Women who were not smoking at the start of the first pregnancy but who subsequently resumed\/began smoking and smoked at the start of their second pregnancy, also had higher odds (2.11 [1.51, 2.95]) than never smokers.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Smoking in the first pregnancy was associated with SGA birth in the second pregnancy, even if the mother quit by the confirmation of her second pregnancy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260134","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]],"date-time":"2021-11-18T19:00:42Z","timestamp":1637262042000},"page":"e0260134","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Maternal smoking behaviour across the first two pregnancies and small for gestational age birth: Analysis of the SLOPE (Studying Lifecourse Obesity PrEdictors) population-based cohort in the South of England"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7680-2865","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Elizabeth J.","family":"Taylor","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pia","family":"Doh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8964-5029","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nida","family":"Ziauddeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4643-0618","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Keith M.","family":"Godfrey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Berrington","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nisreen A.","family":"Alwan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl_2","key":"pone.0260134.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S125","DOI":"10.1080\/14622200410001669187","article-title":"The epidemiology of smoking during pregnancy: Smoking prevalence, maternal characteristics, and pregnancy outcomes","volume":"6","author":"S Cnattingius","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nicotine & Tobacco Research"},{"key":"pone.0260134.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S81","DOI":"10.1016\/j.placenta.2005.02.003","article-title":"The adverse effects of maternal smoking on the human placenta: A review","volume":"26","author":"T Zdravkovic","year":"2005","journal-title":"Placenta"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0260134.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1034\/j.1600-0412.2000.079008644.x","article-title":"Smoking during pregnancy increases the risk of preterm births among parous women","volume":"79","author":"T Kol\u00e5s","year":"2000","journal-title":"Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0260134.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/153.8.771","article-title":"Placental abruption among singleton and twin births in the United States: risk factor profiles","volume":"153","author":"CV Ananth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0260134.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(98)70214-5","article-title":"Preterm birth and maternal smoking: Risks related to gestational age and onset of delivery","volume":"179","author":"NB Kyrklund-Blomberg","year":"1998","journal-title":"American Journal of Obstetrics & Gynecology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0260134.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1651-2227.2002.tb01723.x","article-title":"Smoking, nicotine and tar and risk of small for gestational age babies","volume":"91","author":"EA Mitchell","year":"2002","journal-title":"Acta Paediatrica"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0260134.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1097\/EDE.0b013e3181690731","article-title":"Maternal smoking and oral clefts: the role of detoxification pathway genes","volume":"19","author":"RT Lie","year":"2008","journal-title":"Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass)"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0260134.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e769","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(18)30223-7","article-title":"National, regional, and global prevalence of smoking during pregnancy in the general population: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"6","author":"S Lange","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet Global Health"},{"key":"pone.0260134.ref009","unstructured":"NHS Digital. Statistics on Women\u2019s Smoking Status at Time of Delivery: England Quarter 3, 2019\u201320 [accessed 24 March 2020]. https:\/\/digital.nhs.uk\/data-and-information\/publications\/statistical\/statistics-on-women-s-smoking-status-at-time-of-delivery-england\/statistics-on-womens-smoking-status-at-time-of-delivery-england-quarter-3-2019-20."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260134.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01736-1","article-title":"Immediate and durable effects of maternal tobacco consumption alter placental DNA methylation in enhancer and imprinted gene-containing regions","volume":"18","author":"S Rousseaux","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC medicine"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0260134.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18105083","article-title":"Epigenetic Alterations of Maternal Tobacco Smoking during Pregnancy: A Narrative Review","volume":"18","author":"A Nakamura","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260134.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1111\/ppe.12333","article-title":"Maternal Smoking Status in Successive Pregnancies and Risk of Having a Small for Gestational Age Infant","volume":"31","author":"LG Kvalvik","year":"2017","journal-title":"Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology"},{"issue":"10132","key":"pone.0260134.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1842","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)30312-X","article-title":"Origins of lifetime health around the time of conception: causes and consequences","volume":"391","author":"TP Fleming","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260134.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1136\/jech.54.1.17","article-title":"Nutrient intakes during pregnancy: the influence of smoking status and age","volume":"54","author":"F Mathews","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260134.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01568-z","article-title":"Predicting the risk of childhood overweight and obesity at 4\u20135 years using population-level pregnancy and early-life healthcare data","volume":"18","author":"N Ziauddeen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260134.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-020-01513-0","article-title":"Are environmental area characteristics at birth associated with overweight and obesity in school-aged children? Findings from the SLOPE (Studying Lifecourse Obesity PrEdictors) population-based cohort in the south of England","volume":"18","author":"S Wilding","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC medicine"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0260134.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e026998","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2018-026998","article-title":"Are socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence of small-for-gestational-age birth narrowing? Findings from a population-based cohort in the South of England","volume":"9","author":"S Wilding","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"pone.0260134.ref018","unstructured":"National Institute for Care and Clinical Excellence. Antenatal care for uncomplicated pregnancies 2019 [accessed 30 June 2021]. https:\/\/pathways.nice.org.uk\/pathways\/antenatal-care-for-uncomplicated-pregnancies."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0260134.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"F577","DOI":"10.1136\/archdischild-2017-313452","article-title":"Updated birth weight centiles for England and Wales","volume":"103","author":"T Norris","year":"2018","journal-title":"Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed"},{"key":"pone.0260134.ref020","unstructured":"World Health Organisation: Report of a WHO technical consultation on birth spacing: Geneva, Switzerland 13\u201315 June W2005. World Health Organization.: World Health Organization; 2007."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0260134.ref021","first-page":"1887","article-title":"Robust causal inference using directed acyclic graphs: the R package \u2019dagitty\u2019","volume":"45","author":"J Textor","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Epidemiol"},{"key":"pone.0260134.ref022","unstructured":"Textor J. DAGitty\u2014draw and analyze causal diagrams [Website]. http:\/\/www.dagitty.net\/."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0260134.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1418","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfu325","article-title":"Graphical presentation of confounding in directed acyclic graphs","volume":"30","author":"MM Suttorp","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation"},{"key":"pone.0260134.ref024","unstructured":"Textor J. Drawing and Analyzing Causal DAGs with DAGitty [updated 11 January 2020. Manual]. http:\/\/dagitty.net\/manual-3.x.pdf."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0260134.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"779","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bpobgyn.2009.06.003","article-title":"Risk factors for small for gestational age infants","volume":"23","author":"L McCowan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Best Practice & Research Clinical Obstetrics & Gynaecology"},{"volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","year":"2020","author":"R Core Team","key":"pone.0260134.ref026"},{"volume-title":"data.table: Extension of \u2018data.frame\u2019","year":"2020","author":"M Dowle","key":"pone.0260134.ref027"},{"volume-title":"dplyr: A Grammar of Data Manipulation","year":"2020","author":"H Wickham","key":"pone.0260134.ref028"},{"volume-title":"epiDisplay: Epidemiological Data Display Package","year":"2018","author":"V Chongsuvivatwong","key":"pone.0260134.ref029"},{"key":"pone.0260134.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-24277-4","volume-title":"ggplot2: Elegant Graphics for Data Analysis","author":"H Wickham","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0260134.ref031","unstructured":"Wickham H, Miller E. haven: Import and Export \u2019SPSS\u2019, Stata\u2019 and \u2019SAS\u2019 Files. 2020."},{"volume-title":"psych: Procedures for Personality and Psychological Research","author":"W Revelle","key":"pone.0260134.ref032"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0260134.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v021.i12","article-title":"Reshaping data with the reshape package","volume":"21","author":"H Wickham","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Statistical Software"},{"volume-title":"tidyr: Tidy Messy Data","year":"2020","author":"H Wickham","key":"pone.0260134.ref034"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260134.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3016.2007.00917.x","article-title":"Maternal smoking during pregnancy: A comparison between concurrent and retrospective self-reports","volume":"22","author":"A Post","year":"2008","journal-title":"Paediatric and Perinatal Epidemiology"},{"issue":"13","key":"pone.0260134.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1611","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.12769","article-title":"Change in smoking status during two consecutive pregnancies: a population-based cohort study","volume":"121","author":"DT Tran","year":"2014","journal-title":"BJOG: An International Journal of Obstetrics & Gynaecology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260134.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"428","DOI":"10.1093\/ntr\/nts147","article-title":"Smoking during consecutive pregnancies among primiparous women in the population-based Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study","volume":"15","author":"LJ Hauge","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nicotine Tob Res"},{"issue":"36","key":"pone.0260134.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3310\/hta21360","article-title":"Barriers to and facilitators of smoking cessation in pregnancy and following childbirth: literature review and qualitative study","volume":"21","author":"L Bauld","year":"2017","journal-title":"Health Technol Assess"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0260134.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD004307.pub6","article-title":"Incentives for smoking cessation","author":"C Notley","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"pone.0260134.ref040","unstructured":"Office for National Statistics. Ethnicity and National Identity in England and Wales: 2011 [accessed 24 March 2020]. https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/culturalidentity\/ethnicity\/articles\/ethnicityandnationalidentityinenglandandwales\/2012-12-11."},{"key":"pone.0260134.ref041","unstructured":"English indices of deprivation 2019 [accessed 1 September 2020]. https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/statistics\/english-indices-of-deprivation-2019."},{"key":"pone.0260134.ref042","unstructured":"Southampton data observatory [accessed 1 September 2020]. https:\/\/data.southampton.gov.uk\/economy\/deprivation-poverty\/."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0260134.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1744","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph6061744","article-title":"Calibrating self-reported measures of maternal smoking in pregnancy via bioassays using a Monte Carlo approach","volume":"6","author":"VM Dukic","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260134","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,12]],"date-time":"2023-11-12T21:11:25Z","timestamp":1699823485000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260134"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"JJ","family":"Cray","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260134","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1932-6203"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,18]]}}}