{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T18:01:05Z","timestamp":1790272865290,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2017-05035"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2017-05035"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["58-6040-8-034"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["58-6040-8-034"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Hatch"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Poultry infected with <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> mount an immune response initially, however the immune responses eventually disappear leading the bird to be a carrier of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>. The hypothesis of this study is that <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> infection induces T regulatory cell numbers and cytokine production and suppress host T cells locally in the gut to escape the host immune responses. An experiment was conducted to comparatively analyze the effect of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic> ser. Enteritidis (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis) and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>enterica<\/jats:italic> ser. Heidelberg (<jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Heidelberg) infection on CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD25<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T regulatory cell properties in chickens. A total of 144 broiler chicks were randomly distributed into three experimental groups of non-infected control, <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis infected and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Heidelberg infected groups. Chickens were orally inoculated with PBS (control) or 5x10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> CFU\/mL of either <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis or S. Heidelberg at 3 d of age. Each group was replicated in six pens with eight chickens per pen. Chickens infected with <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis had 6.2, 5.4, and 3.8 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> CFU\/g, and chickens infected with <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Heidelberg had 7.1, 4.8, and 4.1 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> CFU\/g <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> in the cecal contents at 4, 11, and 32 dpi, respectively. Both <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Heidelberg were recovered from the liver and spleen 4 dpi. At 4, 11, and 32 dpi, chickens infected with <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Heidelberg had increased CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD25<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cell numbers as well as IL-10 mRNA transcription of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD25<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells compared to that in the control group. CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD25<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells from <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis- and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Heidelberg-infected chickens and restimulated with 1 \u03bcg antigen <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>, had higher (P &lt; 0.05) IL-10 mRNA transcription than the CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD25<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells from the non-infected controls Though at 4dpi, chickens infected with <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Heidelberg had a significant (P &lt; 0.05) increase in CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD25<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup> IL-2, IL-1\u03b2, and IFN\u03b3 mRNA transcription, the CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD25<jats:sup>-<\/jats:sup> IL-2, IL-1\u03b2, and IFN\u03b3 mRNA transcription, were comparable to that in the control group at 11 and 32dpi identifying that the host inflammatory response against <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> disappears at 11 dpi. It can be concluded that <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Heidelberg infection at 3 d of age induces a persistent infection through inducing CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD25<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cells and altering the IL-10 mRNA transcription of CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD25<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> cell numbers and cytokine production in chickens between 3 to 32 dpi allowing chickens to become asymptomatic carriers of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> after 18 dpi.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260280","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T18:30:49Z","timestamp":1638210649000},"page":"e0260280","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Effects of Salmonella enterica ser. Enteritidis and Heidelberg on host CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cell suppressive immune responses in chickens"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0546-6902","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Revathi","family":"Shanmugasundaram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Keila","family":"Acevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamad","family":"Mortada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0111-3926","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Akerele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2406-5058","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Todd J.","family":"Applegate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael H.","family":"Kogut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ramesh K.","family":"Selvaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0260280.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.3390\/foods7050069","article-title":"Prevalence of Pathogens in Poultry Meat: A Meta-Analysis of European Published Surveys.","volume":"7","author":"A Gon\u00e7alves-Ten\u00f3rio","year":"2018","journal-title":"Foods"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pone.0260280.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetimm.2004.04.005","article-title":"Age at primary infection with Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the chicken influences persistence of infection and subsequent immunity to re-challenge.","volume":"100","author":"RK Beal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Vet Immunol Immunopathol"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0260280.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5993","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00695-07","article-title":"Chicken cecum immune response to Salmonella enterica serovars of different levels of invasiveness","volume":"75","author":"A Berndt","year":"2007","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"key":"pone.0260280.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-014-0119-2","article-title":"Gene expression in the chicken caecum in response to infections with non-typhoid Salmonella","volume":"45","author":"I Rychlik","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vet Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0260280.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081207","article-title":"Chicken-Specific Kinome Array Reveals that Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis Modulates Host Immune Signaling Pathways in the Cecum to Establish a Persistence Infection.","volume":"17","author":"MH Kogut","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Mol Sci"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0260280.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268800050354","article-title":"ELISAs and the serological analysis of Salmonella infections in poultry: a review","volume":"109","author":"PA Barrow","year":"1992","journal-title":"Epidemiology and infection"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0260280.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1586\/14787210.5.5.873","article-title":"Antibody response to Salmonella: its induction and role in protection against avian enteric salmonellosis.","volume":"5","author":"RK Beal","year":"2007","journal-title":"Expert review of anti-infective therapy"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0260280.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1181","article-title":"Natural regulatory T cells in infectious disease.","volume":"6","author":"Y Belkaid","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat Immunol"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0260280.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1278","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micinf.2004.07.005","article-title":"Salmonella carrier state in chicken: comparison of expression of immune response genes between susceptible and resistant animals","volume":"6","author":"JR Sadeyen","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbes Infect"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0260280.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1080\/00071660600829084","article-title":"Are happy chickens safer chickens? 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