{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T21:50:58Z","timestamp":1787349058759,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637280000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001700","name":"Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001700","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["17H01679 and 18K19436"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["17H01679 and 18K19436"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["18K14672"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18K14672"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The International Priority Graduate Programs scholarship"},{"name":"World-leading Innovative and Smart Education"},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004532","name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004532","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004532","name":"Japan International Cooperation Agency","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004532","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"The Japan Initiative for Global Research Network on Infectious Diseases","award":["JP19fm0108008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19fm0108008"]}]},{"name":"The Japan Initiative for Global Research Network on Infectious Diseases","award":["JP19fm0108008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19fm0108008"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Anthrax is a worldwide zoonotic disease. Anthrax has long been a public health and socio-economic issue in Mongolia. Presently, there is no spatial information on carcass burial sites as a potential hazard of future anthrax outbreaks and possible risk factors associated with anthrax occurrences in Mongolia. Here, we analyze retrospective data (1986\u20132015) on the disposal sites of livestock carcasses to describe historical spatio-temporal patterns of livestock anthrax in Khuvsgul Province, which showed the highest anthrax incidence rate in Mongolia. From the results of spatial mean and standard deviational ellipse analyses, we found that the anthrax spatial distribution in livestock did not change over the study period, indicating a localized source of exposure. The multi-distance spatial cluster analysis showed that carcass sites distributed in the study area are clustered. Using kernel density estimation analysis on carcass sites, we identified two anthrax hotspots in low-lying areas around the south and north regions. Notably, this study disclosed a new hotspot in the northern part that emerged in the last decade of the 30-year study period. The highest proportion of cases was recorded in cattle, whose prevalence per area was highest in six districts (i.e., Murun, Chandmani-Undur, Khatgal, Ikh-Uul, Tosontsengel, and Tsagaan-Uul), suggesting that vaccination should prioritize cattle in these districts. Furthermore, size of outbreaks was influenced by the annual summer mean air temperature of Khuvsgul Province, probably by affecting the permafrost freeze-thawing activity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260299","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]],"date-time":"2021-11-19T18:27:30Z","timestamp":1637346450000},"page":"e0260299","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Risk factors and spatio-temporal patterns of livestock anthrax in Khuvsgul Province, Mongolia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Tuvshinzaya","family":"Zorigt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Satoshi","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3480-988X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Norikazu","family":"Isoda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshikazu","family":"Furuta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misheck","family":"Shawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natsagdorj","family":"Norov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Baasansuren","family":"Lkham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jargalsaikhan","family":"Enkhtuya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5370-7865","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hideaki","family":"Higashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,19]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260299.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.micro.55.1.647","article-title":"Anthrax","volume":"55","author":"M Mock","year":"2001","journal-title":"Annual Review of Microbiology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260299.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R45","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(98)70031-4","article-title":"Bacterial sporulation: a question of commitment?","volume":"8","author":"C Stephens","year":"1998","journal-title":"Curr Biol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260299.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.21.2.1336","article-title":"Anthrax and wildlife","volume":"21","author":"ME Hugh-Jones","year":"2002","journal-title":"Rev Sci Tech"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0260299.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mam.2009.08.004","article-title":"Anthrax in animals","volume":"30","author":"W Beyer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol Aspects Med"},{"issue":"3\u20134","key":"pone.0260299.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2009.08.016","article-title":"Anthrax undervalued 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The global distribution of Bacillus anthracis and associated anthrax risk to humans, livestock and wildlife. 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