{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T04:07:23Z","timestamp":1790482043522,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638230400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005317","name":"kermanshah university of medical sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["3010408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["3010408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005317","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007536","name":"al zahra university","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D99\/3\/1679"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D99\/3\/1679"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007536","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Microorganisms in oral cavity are called oral microbiota, while microbiome consists of total genome content of microorganisms in a host. Interaction between host and microorganisms is important in nervous system development and nervous diseases such as Autism, Alzheimer, Parkinson and Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Bacterial infections, as an environmental factor in MS pathogenesis play role in T helper 17(Th17) increase and it enhancing the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as Interlukin-21(IL-21), IL-17 and IL -22. Oral microbiota consists diverse populations of cultivable and uncultivable bacterial species. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) is an acceptable method for identification of uncultivable bacteria. In this study, we compared the bacterial population diversity in the oral cavity between MS and healthy people.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>From October to March 2019, samples were taken at Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences\u2019 MS patients center. A total of 30 samples were taken from MS patients and another 30 samples were taken from healthy people. Phenotypic tests were used to identify bacteria after pure cultures were obtained. DNA was extracted from 1 mL of saliva, and PCR products produced with primers were electrophoresed on polyacrylamide gels.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The genera <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Porphyromonas<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Prevotella<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Veillonella<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Propionibacterium<\/jats:italic> and uncultivable bacteria with accession number <jats:italic>MW880919-25<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>JQ477416<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>1<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>KF074888<\/jats:italic>.1 and several other un-culturable strains were significantly more abundant in the MS group while <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Peptostreptococcus<\/jats:italic> were more prevalent in the normal healthy group according to logistic regression method.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Oral micro-organisms may alleviate or exacerbate inflammatory condition which impact MS disease pathogenesis. It may be assumed that controlling oral infections may result in reduction of MS disease progression.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260384","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]],"date-time":"2021-11-30T21:10:04Z","timestamp":1638306604000},"page":"e0260384","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Bacterial variation in the oral microbiota in multiple sclerosis patients"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6066-1335","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zahra","family":"Zangeneh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahya","family":"Abdi-Ali","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kianoosh","family":"Khamooshian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amirhoushang","family":"Alvandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4657-2413","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ramin","family":"Abiri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,30]]},"reference":[{"issue":"19","key":"pone.0260384.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5002","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00542-10","article-title":"The Human Oral Microbiome","volume":"192","author":"FE Dewhirst","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Bacteriol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260384.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458517737391","article-title":"An introduction to the microbiome and MS","volume":"4","author":"S Trott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mult Scler"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0260384.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4313","DOI":"10.7150\/thno.21804","article-title":"Oral Microbiome: A New Biomarker Reservoir for Oral and Oropharyngeal Cancers","volume":"7","author":"Y Lim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Theranostic"},{"issue":"2015","key":"pone.0260384.ref004","first-page":"725","article-title":"The Microbiome and Disease: Reviewing the Links between the Oral Microbiome, Aging, and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"43","author":"DK Shoemark","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Alzheimers Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0260384.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2017.1349041","article-title":"Gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis: The players involved and the roles they play","volume":"8","author":"SK Shahi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"issue":"86","key":"pone.0260384.ref006","first-page":"1","article-title":"The complexity of NF-kappaB signaling in inflammation and cancer","volume":"12","author":"B Hoesel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol Cancer"},{"key":"pone.0260384.ref007","unstructured":"Keshari PK. 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