{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,20]],"date-time":"2026-05-20T02:11:23Z","timestamp":1779243083855,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1637625600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004954","name":"Augustinus Fonden","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-2323"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-2323"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004954","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Rigshospitalets Forskningspulje"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Chronic kidney disease accelerates both atherosclerosis and arterial calcification. The aim of the present study was to explore whether maximal carotid plaque thickness (cPTmax) was increased in patients with chronic kidney disease compared to controls and associated with cardiovascular disease and severity of calcification in the carotid and coronary arteries.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The study group consisted of 200 patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3 from the Copenhagen Chronic Kidney Disease Cohort and 121 age- and sex-matched controls. cPTmax was assessed by ultrasound and arterial calcification by computed tomography scanning.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Carotid plaques were present in 58% of patients (n = 115) compared with 40% of controls (n = 48), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.002. Among participants with plaques, cPTmax (median, interquartile range) was significantly higher in patients compared with controls (1.9 (1.4\u20132.3) versus 1.5 (1.2\u20131.8) mm), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001. Cardiovascular disease was present in 9% of patients without plaques (n = 85), 23% of patients with cPTmax 1.0\u20131.9 mm (n = 69) and 35% of patients with cPTmax &gt;1.9 mm (n = 46), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001. Carotid and coronary calcium scores &gt;400 were present in 0% and 4%, respectively, of patients with no carotid plaques, in 19% and 24% of patients with cPTmax 1.0\u20131.9 mm, and in 48% and 53% of patients with cPTmax &gt;1.9 mm, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This is the first study showing that cPTmax is increased in patients with chronic kidney disease stage 3 compared to controls and closely associated with prevalent cardiovascular disease and severity of calcification in both the carotid and coronary arteries.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260417","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T19:50:18Z","timestamp":1637697018000},"page":"e0260417","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Carotid plaque thickness is increased in chronic kidney disease and associated with carotid and coronary calcification"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Sasha S.","family":"Bjergfelt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1057-5812","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ida M. H.","family":"S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5786-4561","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Henrik \u00d8.","family":"Hjortkj\u00e6r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5255-787X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nino","family":"Landler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ellen L. F.","family":"Ballegaard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tor","family":"Biering-S\u00f8rensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9742-1554","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Klaus F.","family":"Kofoed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Theis","family":"Lange","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Feldt-Rasmussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Henrik","family":"Sillesen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christina","family":"Christoffersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3002-4188","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Susanne","family":"Bro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"9889","key":"pone.0260417.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60595-4","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease and cardiovascular risk: epidemiology, mechanisms, and prevention","volume":"382","author":"RT Gansevoort","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260417.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2005.03.055","article-title":"Kidney function and anemia as risk factors for coronary heart disease and mortality: the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study","volume":"151","author":"BC Astor","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am Heart J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260417.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"610","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00109.x","article-title":"Chronic kidney disease, anemia, and incident stroke in a middle-aged, community-based population: the ARIC Study","volume":"64","author":"JL Abramson","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260417.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"629","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2005111204","article-title":"Kidney function and risk of peripheral arterial disease: results from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study","volume":"18","author":"K Wattanakit","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0260417.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1307","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2006101159","article-title":"Reduced kidney function as a risk factor for incident heart failure: the atherosclerosis risk in communities (ARIC) study","volume":"18","author":"A Kottgen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0260417.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1001\/archinte.164.6.659","article-title":"Longitudinal follow-up and outcomes among a population with chronic kidney disease in a large managed care organization","volume":"164","author":"DS Keith","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch Intern Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0260417.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2005.11.017","article-title":"Differential symptoms of acute myocardial infarction in patients with kidney disease: a community-wide perspective","volume":"47","author":"J Sosnov","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Kidney Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0260417.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2007.03.037","article-title":"The Framingham predictive instrument in chronic kidney disease","volume":"50","author":"DE Weiner","year":"2007","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0260417.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"788","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.9624","article-title":"Comparison of novel risk markers for improvement in cardiovascular risk assessment in intermediate-risk individuals","volume":"308","author":"J Yeboah","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0260417.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-156-6-201203200-00006","article-title":"Evaluation of newer risk markers for coronary heart disease risk classification: a cohort study","volume":"156","author":"M Kavousi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0260417.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2015.01.017","article-title":"Prevalence, impact, and predictive value of detecting subclinical coronary and carotid atherosclerosis in asymptomatic adults: the BioImage study","volume":"65","author":"U Baber","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0260417.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1042","DOI":"10.1093\/ehjci\/jex239","article-title":"Carotid plaque thickness and carotid plaque burden predict future cardiovascular events in asymptomatic adult Americans","volume":"19","author":"H Sillesen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260417.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2014020173","article-title":"Subclinical atherosclerosis measures for cardiovascular prediction in CKD","volume":"26","author":"K Matsushita","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0260417.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2017.0363","article-title":"Coronary Artery Calcification and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease and Death Among Patients With Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"2","author":"J Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0260417.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1007\/s10554-015-0732-9","article-title":"Additive prognostic value of coronary artery calcium score and renal function in patients with acute chest pain without known coronary artery disease: up to 5-year follow-up","volume":"31","author":"K Chaikriangkrai","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Cardiovasc Imaging"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0260417.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2019.01.055","article-title":"The Predictive Value of Coronary Artery Calcium Scoring for Major Adverse Cardiac Events According to Renal Function (from the Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography Evaluation for Clinical Outcomes: An International Multicenter [CONFIRM] Registry)","volume":"123","author":"JH Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Cardiol"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0260417.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0186665","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186665","article-title":"Factors predicting cardiovascular events in chronic kidney disease patients. Role of subclinical atheromatosis extent assessed by vascular ultrasound","volume":"12","author":"JM Valdivielso","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0260417.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1713","DOI":"10.1007\/s11255-016-1393-x","article-title":"B-flow imaging estimation of carotid and femoral atherosclerotic plaques: vessel walls rheological damage or strong predictor of cardiovascular mortality in chronic dialysis patients","volume":"48","author":"P Avramovski","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int Urol Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260417.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-020-02192-y","article-title":"Regional distribution and severity of arterial calcification in patients with chronic kidney disease stages 1\u20135: a cross-sectional study of the Copenhagen chronic kidney disease cohort","volume":"21","author":"IMH Sorensen","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260417.ref020","first-page":"150","article-title":"KDIGO 2012 Clinical Pratice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"3","author":"Nephrology ISo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Kidney International Supplements"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0260417.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-150-9-200905050-00006","article-title":"A new equation to estimate glomerular filtration rate","volume":"150","author":"AS Levey","year":"2009","journal-title":"Ann Intern Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260417.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.echo.2007.11.011","article-title":"Use of carotid ultrasound to identify subclinical vascular disease and evaluate cardiovascular disease risk: a consensus statement from the American Society of Echocardiography Carotid Intima-Media Thickness Task Force. Endorsed by the Society for Vascular Medicine","volume":"21","author":"JH Stein","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Am Soc Echocardiogr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260417.ref023","first-page":"75","article-title":"Mannheim carotid intima-media thickness consensus (2004\u20132006). An update on behalf of the Advisory Board of the 3rd and 4th Watching the Risk Symposium, 13th and 15th European Stroke Conferences, Mannheim, Germany, 2004, and Brussels, Belgium, 2006","volume":"23","author":"PJ Touboul","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cerebrovasc Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260417.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1177\/1479164118805904","article-title":"Generalised arterial calcification in normoalbuminuric patients with type 1 diabetes with and without cardiovascular autonomic neuropathy","volume":"16","author":"HO Hjortkjaer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Diab Vasc Dis Res"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0260417.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2010.06.030","article-title":"Coronary risk stratification, discrimination, and reclassification improvement based on quantification of subclinical coronary atherosclerosis: the Heinz Nixdorf Recall study","volume":"56","author":"R Erbel","year":"2010","journal-title":"J Am Coll Cardiol"},{"key":"pone.0260417.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2369-15-168","article-title":"Observational multicenter study to evaluate the prevalence and prognosis of subclinical atheromatosis in a Spanish chronic kidney disease cohort: baseline data from the NEFRONA study","volume":"15","author":"D Arroyo","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Nephrol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0260417.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3017","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq109","article-title":"Cardiovascular risk factors underestimate atherosclerotic burden in chronic kidney disease: usefulness of non-invasive tests in cardiovascular assessment","volume":"25","author":"B Coll","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0260417.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1855","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jvs.2017.09.048","article-title":"Relationship of femoral artery ultrasound measures of atherosclerosis with chronic kidney disease","volume":"67","author":"S Hsu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Vasc Surg"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260417.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.2215\/CJN.01240215","article-title":"Predictors of Subclinical Atheromatosis Progression over 2 Years in Patients with Different Stages of CKD","volume":"11","author":"M Gracia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin J Am Soc Nephrol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260417.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1440-1797.2009.01169.x","article-title":"Tight relations between coronary calcification and atherosclerotic lesions in the carotid artery in chronic dialysis patients","volume":"15","author":"I Kurnatowska","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nephrology (Carlton)"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260417","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]],"date-time":"2021-11-23T19:50:57Z","timestamp":1637697057000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260417"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Karin","family":"Jandeleit-Dahm","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]},"references-count":30,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260417","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,23]]}}}