{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T16:48:29Z","timestamp":1790268509600,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009054","name":"U.S. President\u2019s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AID-OAA-A-14-00060"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-OAA-A-14-00060"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009054","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Interventions to improve HIV service uptake are increasingly addressing inequitable and restrictive gender norms. Yet comparatively little is known about which gender norms are most salient for HIV testing and treatment and how changing these specific norms translates into HIV service uptake. To explore these questions, we implemented a qualitative study during a community mobilization trial targeting social barriers to HIV service uptake in South Africa.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We conducted 55 in-depth interviews in 2018, during the final months of a three-year intervention in rural Mpumalanga province. Participants included 25 intervention community members (48% women) and 30 intervention staff\/community-opinion-leaders (70% women). Data were analyzed using an inductive-deductive approach.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We identified three avenues for gender norms change which, when coupled with other strategies, were described to support HIV service uptake: (1) Challenging norms around male toughness\/avoidance of help-seeking, combined with information on the health and preventive benefits of early antiretroviral therapy (ART), eased men\u2019s fears of a positive diagnosis and facilitated HIV service uptake. (2) Challenging norms about men\u2019s expected control over women, combined with communication and conflict resolution skill-building, encouraged couple support around HIV service uptake. (3) Challenging norms around women being solely responsible for the family\u2019s health, combined with information about sero-discordance and why both members of the couple should be tested, encouraged men to test for HIV rather than relying on their partner\u2019s results. Facility-level barriers such as long wait times continued to prevent some men from accessing care.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Despite continued facility-level barriers, we found that promoting critical reflection around several specific gender norms, coupled with information (e.g., benefits of ART) and skill-building (e.g., communication), were perceived to support men\u2019s and women\u2019s engagement in HIV services. There is a need to identify and tailor programming around specific gender norms that hinder HIV service uptake.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260425","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T18:28:15Z","timestamp":1640975295000},"page":"e0260425","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Shifting gender norms to improve HIV service uptake: Qualitative findings from a large-scale community mobilization intervention in rural South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1508-4193","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Anna M.","family":"Leddy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Gottert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Haberland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hove","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rebecca L.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Audrey","family":"Pettifor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sheri A.","family":"Lippman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen","family":"Kahn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhandzekile","family":"Mathebula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dumisani","family":"Rebombo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4876-0848","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xavier","family":"G\u00f3mez-Oliv\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhian","family":"Twine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dean","family":"Peacock","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Pulerwitz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0260425.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1061","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-14-1061","article-title":"Intersectionality of HIV stigma and masculinity in eastern Uganda: implications for involving men in HIV programmes.","volume":"14","author":"G Mburu","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC Public Health."},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0260425.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1435","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2019.1595509","article-title":"A scoping review on the role of masculine norms in men\u2019s engagement in the HIV care continuum in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"31","author":"KM Sileo","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0260425.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-019-02603-8","article-title":"Gender Norms and HIV Testing\/Treatment Uptake: Evidence from a Large Population-Based Sample in South Africa","volume":"23","author":"J Pulerwitz","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0260425.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1080\/13691058.2016.1183045","article-title":"What role can gender-transformative programming for men play in increasing men\u2019s HIV testing and engagement in HIV care and treatment in South Africa?","volume":"18","author":"PJ Fleming","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cult Health Sex."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0260425.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1177\/0891243205278639","article-title":"Hegemonic masculinity\u2014Rethinking the concept.","volume":"19","author":"RW Connell","year":"2005","journal-title":"Gender and Society"},{"key":"pone.0260425.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/1758-2652-13-6","article-title":"Gender and sexuality: emerging perspectives from the heterosexual epidemic in South Africa and implications for HIV risk and prevention","volume":"13","author":"R Jewkes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0260425.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1080\/17290376.2006.9724879","article-title":"Social constructions of gender roles, gender-based violence and HIV\/AIDS in two communities of the Western Cape, South Africa.","volume":"3","author":"A Strebel","year":"2006","journal-title":"SAHARA J."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260425.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2015.1080792","article-title":"Sexual communication self-efficacy, hegemonic masculine norms and condom use among heterosexual couples in South Africa.","volume":"28","author":"A Leddy","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0260425.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1858","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1706-9","article-title":"Gender Norms, Gender Role Conflict\/Stress and HIV Risk Behaviors Among Men in Mpumalanga, South Africa.","volume":"22","author":"A Gottert","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0260425.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120701867057","article-title":"Gender attitudes, sexual power, HIV risk: a model for understanding HIV risk behavior of South African men","volume":"20","author":"MR Kaufman","year":"2008","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0260425.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-006-9077-y","article-title":"Gender role and relationship norms among young adults in South Africa: measuring the context of masculinity and HIV risk","volume":"83","author":"A Harrison","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of urban health: bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260425.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1080\/09540120600984003","article-title":"Sexual assault, sexual risks and gender attitudes in a community sample of South African men","volume":"19","author":"SC Kalichman","year":"2007","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"issue":"10189","key":"pone.0260425.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)30652-X","article-title":"Gender inequality and restrictive gender norms: framing the challenges to health","volume":"393","author":"L Heise","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"pone.0260425.ref014","unstructured":"UNAIDS. UNAIDS Data. Geneva, Switzerland; 2019."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0260425.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0118639","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0118639","article-title":"Risk factors for men\u2019s lifetime perpetration of physical violence against intimate partners: results from the international men and gender equality survey (IMAGES) in eight countries.","volume":"10","author":"PJ Fleming","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260425.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"897","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-019-7192-4","article-title":"Gender-based violence and engagement in biomedical HIV prevention, care and treatment: a scoping review.","volume":"19","author":"AM Leddy","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260425.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0149527","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149527","article-title":"Why Did I Stop? Barriers and Facilitators to Uptake and Adherence to ART in Option B+ HIV Care in Lilongwe, Malawi.","volume":"11","author":"MH Kim","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One."},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0260425.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2352","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0223-0","article-title":"Community influences on married men\u2019s uptake of HIV testing in eight African countries","volume":"17","author":"R Stephenson","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0260425.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e78208","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0078208","article-title":"Conceptualizing community mobilization for HIV prevention: implications for HIV prevention programming in the African context.","volume":"8","author":"SA Lippman","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0260425.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-014-0122-5","article-title":"Findings from the SASA! Study: a cluster randomized controlled trial to assess the impact of a community mobilization intervention to prevent violence against women and reduce HIV risk in Kampala, Uganda.","volume":"12","author":"T Abramsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC medicine."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260425.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002123","article-title":"Project Shikamana: Community Empowerment-Based Combination HIV Prevention Significantly Impacts HIV Incidence and Care Continuum Outcomes Among Female Sex Workers in Iringa, Tanzania.","volume":"82","author":"D Kerrigan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0260425.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1097\/OLQ.0b013e31823b1937","article-title":"Findings from Encontros: a multilevel STI\/HIV intervention to increase condom use, reduce STI, and change the social environment among sex workers in Brazil.","volume":"39","author":"SA Lippman","year":"2012","journal-title":"Sexually transmitted diseases."},{"issue":"Suppl 7","key":"pone.0260425.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25182","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25182","article-title":"Village community mobilization is associated with reduced HIV incidence in young South African women participating in the HPTN 068 study cohort","volume":"21","author":"SA Lippman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of the International AIDS Society"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0260425.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e25134","DOI":"10.1002\/jia2.25134","article-title":"Community mobilization to modify harmful gender norms and reduce HIV risk: results from a community cluster randomized trial in South Africa.","volume":"21","author":"A Pettifor","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0260425.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(11)70060-3","article-title":"Community-based intervention to increase HIV testing and case detection in people aged 16\u201332 years in Tanzania, Zimbabwe, and Thailand (NIMH Project Accept, HPTN 043): a randomised study.","volume":"11","author":"M Sweat","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0260425.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S44","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001207","article-title":"Community Mobilization for HIV Testing Uptake: Results From a Community Randomized Trial of a Theory-Based Intervention in Rural South Africa.","volume":"74","author":"SA Lippman","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0260425.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e191","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3018(19)30032-3","article-title":"Strategies for engaging men in HIV services","volume":"6","author":"CJ Colvin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet HIV"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0260425.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2845","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-013-0565-2","article-title":"Gender-transformative interventions to reduce HIV risks and violence with heterosexually-active men: a review of the global evidence","volume":"17","author":"SL Dworkin","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260425.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e225","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(19)30495-4","article-title":"Characteristics of successful programmes targeting gender inequality and restrictive gender norms for the health and wellbeing of children, adolescents, and young adults: a systematic review","volume":"8","author":"JK Levy","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Glob Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260425.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13012-016-0541-0","article-title":"Evaluation of the Tsima community mobilization intervention to improve engagement in HIV testing and care in South Africa: study protocol for a cluster randomized trial.","volume":"12","author":"SA Lippman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Implement Sci."},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0260425.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2012.750710","article-title":"Prevalence of HIV among those 15 and older in rural South Africa","volume":"25","author":"FX Gomez-Olive","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"pone.0260425.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2016.04.002","article-title":"Development, validation, and performance of a scale to measure community mobilization.","volume":"157","author":"SA Lippman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med."},{"key":"pone.0260425.ref033","unstructured":"Sonke Gender Justice. The Bushbuckridge One Man Can Community Mobilisation Programme. 2012."},{"key":"pone.0260425.ref034","unstructured":"Lippman SA, Pettifor, A., Rebombo, D., Kang-Dufour, M., Kabudula, C.W., Twine, R.,et al. Community mobilization to improve engagement in HIV testing, linkage to care and retention in care in 15 villages in South Africa: The Tsima cluster-randomized controlled trial. International AIDS Society Conference; 2020; San Francisco, CA."},{"key":"pone.0260425.ref035","unstructured":"Scientific Software Development. ATLAS.ti. 8 ed. Berlin, Germany2018."},{"issue":"7227","key":"pone.0260425.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.320.7227.114","article-title":"Qualitative research in health care. Analysing qualitative data","volume":"320","author":"C Pope","year":"2000","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0260425.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1001811","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.1001811","article-title":"Improving men\u2019s participation in preventing mother-to-child transmission of HIV as a maternal, neonatal, and child health priority in South Africa.","volume":"12","author":"W van den Berg","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Med"},{"issue":"Suppl 3","key":"pone.0260425.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2016.1164806","article-title":"Men \"missing\" from population-based HIV testing: insights from qualitative research.","volume":"28","author":"CS Camlin","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"pone.0260425.ref039","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Blind Spot: Reaching out to men and boys. Geneva, Switzerland; 2017."},{"key":"pone.0260425.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24631","DOI":"10.3402\/gha.v7.24631","article-title":"Impact of HIV on and the constructions of masculinities among HIV-positive men in South Africa: implications for secondary prevention programs.","volume":"7","author":"YM Sikweyiya","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global health action."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0260425.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2468","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-018-2160-z","article-title":"What Role Do Masculine Norms Play in Men\u2019s HIV Testing in Sub-Saharan Africa?:","volume":"22","author":"KM Sileo","year":"2018","journal-title":"A Scoping Review. AIDS Behav"},{"key":"pone.0260425.ref042","first-page":"259","volume-title":"Applications of social norms theory to other health and social justice issues.","author":"AD Berkowitz","year":"2003"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0260425.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S69","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001204","article-title":"Development of a National Campaign Addressing South African Men\u2019s Fears About HIV Counseling and Testing and Antiretroviral Treatment.","volume":"74","author":"N Orr","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr"},{"key":"pone.0260425.ref044","unstructured":"President\u2019s Emergency Plan for ARP. MenStar Strategy. Washington, DC; 2020."},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0260425.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2017.29.3.274","article-title":"Men\u2019s Perceptions of Treatment as Prevention in South Africa: Implications for Engagement in HIV Care and Treatment","volume":"29","author":"AC Mooney","year":"2017","journal-title":"AIDS Educ Prev"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260425.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e9","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000002197","article-title":"Treatment as Prevention-Provider Knowledge and Counseling Lag Behind Global Campaigns.","volume":"83","author":"SA Lippman","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0260425.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0237084","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0237084","article-title":"Gaining traction: Promising shifts in gender norms and intimate partner violence in the context of a community-based HIV prevention trial in South Africa.","volume":"15","author":"A Gottert","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0260425.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S98","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0b013e3181fbf407","article-title":"Couple-based HIV prevention in the United States: advantages, gaps, and future directions","volume":"55","author":"N El-Bassel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of acquired immune deficiency syndromes (1999)."},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0260425.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.1097\/QAI.0000000000001948","article-title":"Results of a Couples-Based Randomized Controlled Trial Aimed to Increase Testing for HIV.","volume":"80","author":"LA Darbes","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0260425.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1080\/10522158.2011.616482","article-title":"An evaluation of healthy relationship education to reduce intimate partner violence","volume":"14","author":"E. Antle BFK","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Family Social Work"},{"key":"pone.0260425.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.2147\/IJWH.S77398","article-title":"Relationship power, communication, and violence among couples: results of a cluster-randomized HIV prevention study in a South African township.","volume":"7","author":"AM Minnis","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int J Womens Health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260425.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000899","article-title":"The importance of masculinity and gender norms for understanding institutional responses to HIV testing and treatment strategies","volume":"30","author":"PJ Fleming","year":"2016","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0260425.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1123","DOI":"10.1097\/QAD.0000000000000655","article-title":"Men\u2019s heightened risk of AIDS-related death: the legacy of gendered HIV testing and treatment strategies","volume":"29","author":"K Dovel","year":"2015","journal-title":"AIDS"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260425.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-017-1848-9","article-title":"Acceptability of HIV Self-Testing in Sub-Saharan Africa: Scoping Study.","volume":"22","author":"C Harichund","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIDS Behav"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260425.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1080\/09540121.2018.1503638","article-title":"Acceptability of HIV self-testing among men and women in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa.","volume":"31","author":"C Harichund","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIDS Care"},{"key":"pone.0260425.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100327","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eclinm.2020.100327","article-title":"HIV self-testing among young women in rural South Africa: A randomized controlled trial comparing clinic-based HIV testing to the choice of either clinic testing or HIV self-testing with secondary distribution to peers and partners.","volume":"21","author":"A Pettifor","year":"2020","journal-title":"EClinicalMedicine."},{"key":"pone.0260425.ref057","unstructured":"National Department of Health South Africa. National HIV self screening guidelines. Pretoria, South Africa; 2018."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260425","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T18:28:49Z","timestamp":1640975329000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260425"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Webster","family":"Mavhu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"references-count":57,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260425","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]}}}