{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T09:50:18Z","timestamp":1778925018658,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638144000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"national institutes of health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U19 AI129326, D43 TW001505 and R01 AI050243"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U19 AI129326, D43 TW001505 and R01 AI050243"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> parasites have evolved genetic adaptations to overcome immune responses mounted by diverse <jats:italic>Anopheles<\/jats:italic> vectors hindering malaria control efforts. <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> surface protein Pfs47 is critical in the parasite\u2019s survival by manipulating the vector\u2019s immune system hence a promising target for blocking transmission in the mosquito. This study aimed to examine the genetic diversity, haplotype distribution, and population structure of Pfs47 and its implications on malaria infections in endemic lowlands in Western Kenya. Cross-sectional mass blood screening was conducted in malaria endemic regions in the lowlands of Western Kenya: Homa Bay, Kombewa, and Chulaimbo. Dried blood spots and slide smears were simultaneously collected in 2018 and 2019. DNA was extracted using Chelex method from microscopic <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> positive samples and used to genotype Pfs47 using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and DNA sequencing. Thirteen observed haplotypes of the Pfs47 gene were circulating in Western Kenya. Population-wise, haplotype diversity ranged from 0.69 to 0.77 and the nucleotide diversity 0.10 to 0.12 across all sites. All the study sites displayed negative Tajima\u2019s <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic> values although not significant. However, the negative and significant Fu\u2019s <jats:italic>Fs<\/jats:italic> statistical values were observed across all the study sites, suggesting population expansion or positive selection. Overall genetic differentiation index was not significant (F<jats:sub><jats:italic>ST<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub> = -0.00891, P &gt; 0.05) among parasite populations. All Nm values revealed a considerable gene flow in these populations. These results could have important implications for the persistence of high levels of malaria transmission and should be considered when designing potential targeted control interventions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260434","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]],"date-time":"2021-11-29T18:28:00Z","timestamp":1638210480000},"page":"e0260434","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Genetic diversity and population structure of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum surface protein Pfs47 in isolates from the lowlands in Western Kenya"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8411-8310","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Shirley A.","family":"Onyango","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4510-8344","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kevin O.","family":"Ochwedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Maxwell G.","family":"Machani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Collince J.","family":"Omondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0403-709X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Isaiah","family":"Debrah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1570-6164","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sidney O.","family":"Ogolla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2462-6089","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ming-Chieh","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guofa","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth","family":"Kokwaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6390-634X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"James W.","family":"Kazura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaw A.","family":"Afrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Andrew K.","family":"Githeko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2771-9598","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daibin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guiyun","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0260434.ref001","unstructured":"WHO (2019) https:\/\/www.int\/malaria\/publications\/world-malaria-report-2019\/en. 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