{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T10:07:48Z","timestamp":1781258868600,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"This study was funded by The European Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership (EDTCP).","award":["TMA2016CDF-1550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMA2016CDF-1550"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We set out to assess the impact of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and micronutrient deficiency as indicated by serum retinol levels on the immune responses to Oral Cholera Vaccine (Shanchol\u2122) in a cohort of participants in Lukanga Swamps, Zambia. Cholera remains endemic in Zambia with vaccines being the only effective preventive measures. However, the effect of these vaccines on populations living with HIV has not been widely documented.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>HIV testing and confirmation was done using the Alere Determine\u2122 HIV-1\/2 and Uni-Gold\u2122 kits while vibriocidal antibody assay was applied for vaccine immunogenicity. Serum retinol analysis was assessed by Shimadzu Prominence HCT-2010 High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). The primary outcome was log transformed geometric mean titre.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>From 47 participants screened for HIV, 51% (24) tested positive. There was a statistically significant reduction in Ogawa geometric mean ratio (GMR) by 67% (GMR = 0.33; 95% CI: -0.15, 0.76; p-value = 0.009) attributable to HIV positivity with a non-significant reduction in Inaba GMR by about 50% due to HIV positivity. When doubling of retinol levels modelled, GMR reduction against Ogawa were non-significant but that against Inaba resulted in a significant reduction in geometric mean titer (GMT) (GMT-0.33, C.I 0.16\u20130.66, p-value 0.002). At 1000copies\/ml viral load cut off and 350 cells\/\u03bcl CD4 counts, Ogawa GMT was two times higher 11.16 (95%CI: 8.20\u201315.19) versus 6.06 (95%CI: 4.04\u20139.10) in low viremia participants, and three times higher in above threshold CD4 count participants; 24.81 (95%CI: 18.94\u201332.50) versus 7.07 (95%CI: 5.22\u20139.58).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Our results show that while Shanchol\u2122 is immunogenic in both HIV+\/- individuals, HIV + participants responded poorly. Viral load and CD4 count affected vaccine immunogenicity. More research is required for detailed understanding of this in order to appropriately inform policy and practice.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260552","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T19:49:25Z","timestamp":1638474565000},"page":"e0260552","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Effect of HIV status and retinol on immunogenicity to oral cholera vaccine in adult population living in an endemic area of Lukanga Swamps, Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3093-4635","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Charlie Chaluma","family":"Luchen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Mwaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Ng\u2019ombe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter Ibukun Oluwa","family":"Alabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelo","family":"Simuyandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obvious N.","family":"Chilyabanyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiza Miyanda","family":"Hatyoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7557-6352","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cynthia","family":"Mubanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Bosomprah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0221-9527","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roma","family":"Chilengi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7850-7915","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cleopatra Caroline","family":"Chisenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0260552.ref001","volume-title":"Medical Microbiology","author":"RA Finkelstein","year":"1996","edition":"4"},{"key":"pone.0260552.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S137","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jiy486","article-title":"Global Cholera Epidemiology: Opportunities to Reduce the Burden of Cholera by 2030","volume":"218","author":"D. 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