{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,31]],"date-time":"2026-08-31T10:55:36Z","timestamp":1788173736561,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":23,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"the Science and Technology Planning Project of Baoding Prefecture","award":["1951ZF007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1951ZF007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) genetic diversity and pre-treatment drug resistance (PDR) are major barriers to successful antiretroviral therapy (ART). In China, sexual intercourse is the most frequent route of HIV-1 transmission. However, few studies have analyzed PDR and transmission networks in detail among individuals in China with acute HIV-1 infection and their sexual contacts.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted in Baoding City, Hebei Province, China from 2019\u20132020. CD4 T cell counts and viral loads were assessed and a HIV-1 genotypic PDR assay was developed in-house. Transmission networks were visualized using Cytoscape with a threshold genetic distance of 0.015 among HIV-1 subtypes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>From 139 newly diagnosed and drug-na\u00efve individuals with HIV-1, 132<jats:italic>pol<\/jats:italic>gene sequences were obtained and revealed eight HIV-1 subtypes. Circulating recombinant form (CRF)01_AE was the most frequent subtype (53.0%, 70\/132) followed by CRF07_BC (26.5%, 35\/132), B (13.6%, 18\/132), unique recombinant forms (2.3%, 3\/132), CRF55_01B (1.5%, 2\/132), CRF103_01B (1.5%, 2\/132), CRF65_cpx (0.8%, 1\/132), and C (0.8%, 1\/132). A total of 47<jats:italic>pol<\/jats:italic>gene sequences were used to generate 10 molecular transmission networks. The overall prevalence of PDR was 7.6% and that of PDR to non-nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors was 6.1%. Of three transmission networks for PDR, two were closely associated with Beijing and Tianjin, while another was restricted to sequences determined in this study.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>These results demonstrate that during acute HIV-1 infection, PDR is transmitted in dynamic networks. This suggests that early detection, diagnosis, surveillance, and treatment are critical to effectively control HIV-1 spread.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T19:11:15Z","timestamp":1638472275000},"page":"e0260670","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Molecular transmission networks and pre-treatment drug resistance among individuals with acute HIV-1 infection in Baoding, China"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Penghui","family":"Shi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhixia","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miaomiao","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuegang","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiguang","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haoxi","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4613-2028","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Xinli","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0260670.ref001","article-title":"2021 Progress Report on the Global AIDS response","author":"UNAIDS"},{"key":"pone.0260670.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coviro.2016.03.004","article-title":"Current status and prospects of HIV treatment","volume":"18","author":"C Tomas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Virology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260670.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1097\/COH.0000000000000120","article-title":"Review: Influence of ART on HIV genetics","volume":"10","author":"RS Francesco","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr Opin HIV AIDS"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0260670.ref004","first-page":"460","article-title":"Effect of highly active anti-retroviral therapy on reducing HIV\/AIDS related death in Hebei, 1989\u20132013.","volume":"36","author":"S Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chin J Epidemiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260670.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.2174\/1871526517666170505122800","article-title":"HAART in HIV\/AIDS treatments: future trends.","volume":"18","author":"DY Lu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infectious Disorders-Drug Targets"},{"key":"pone.0260670.ref006","unstructured":"UNAIDS. 90-90-90 An Ambitious Treatment Target to Help End the AIDS Epidemic. 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