{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T15:22:47Z","timestamp":1784301767025,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31860029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31860029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31760178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31760178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31860029"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31860029"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31760178"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31760178"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Akkermansia muciniphila<\/jats:italic> is a Gram-negative bacterium that resides within the gut mucus layer, and plays an important role in promoting gut barrier integrity, modulating the immune response and inhibiting gut inflammation. Growth stimulation of <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>muciniphila<\/jats:italic> by polyphenols including epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) from difference sources is well-documented. However, no published <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> culture data on utilization of polyphenols by <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>muciniphila<\/jats:italic> are available, and the mechanism of growth-stimulating prebiotic effect of polyphenols on it remains unclear. Here <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> culture studies have been carried out on the metabolism of EGCG by <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>muciniphila<\/jats:italic> in the presence of either mucin or glucose. We found that <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>muciniphila<\/jats:italic> did not metabolize EGCG alone but could co-metabolize it together with both these substrates in the presence of mineral salts and amino acids for mucin and protein sources for glucose. Our metabolomic data show that <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>muciniphila<\/jats:italic> converts EGCG to gallic acid, epigallocatechin, and (-)-epicatechin through ester hydrolysis. The (-)-epicatechin formed is then further converted to hydroxyhydroquinone. Co-metabolism of <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>muciniphila<\/jats:italic> of EGCG together with either mucin or glucose promoted substantially its growth, which serves as a further demonstration of the growth-promoting effect of polyphenols on <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>muciniphila<\/jats:italic> and provides an important addition to the currently available proposed mechanisms of polyphenolic prebiotic effects on <jats:italic>A<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>muciniphila<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260757","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T19:31:45Z","timestamp":1638473505000},"page":"e0260757","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["In vitro co-metabolism of epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) by the mucin-degrading bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Yun","family":"Xia","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuxiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingxin","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongbo","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yinfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Seviour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4756-1345","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yunhong","family":"Kong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0260757.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7767","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01477-07","article-title":"Intestinal 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