{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,20]],"date-time":"2026-03-20T06:54:29Z","timestamp":1773989669362,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1638403200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"department of biotechnology, ministry of science and technology, government of india","award":["BT\/PR14378\/MED\/30\/535\/2010"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BT\/PR14378\/MED\/30\/535\/2010"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Anthropogenic air pollution has been implicated in aberrant changes of DNA methylation and homocysteine increase (&gt;15\u03bcM\/L). Folate (&lt;3 ng\/mL) and vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>(&lt;220 pg\/mL) deficiencies also reduce global DNA methylation via homocysteine increase. Although B-vitamin supplements can attenuate epigenetic effects of air pollution but such understanding in population-specific studies are lacking. Hence, the present study aims to understand the role of air pollution, homocysteine, and nutritional deficiencies on methylation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined cross-sectionally, homocysteine, folate, vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>(chemiluminescence) and global DNA methylation (colorimetric ELISA Assay) among 274 and 270 individuals from low- and high- polluted areas, respectively, from a single Mendelian population. Global DNA methylation results were obtained on 254 and 258 samples from low- and high- polluted areas, respectively.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Significant decline in median global DNA methylation was seen as a result of air pollution [high-0.84 (0.37\u20131.97) vs. low-0.96 (0.45\u20132.75), p = 0.01]. High homocysteine in combination with air pollution significantly reduced global DNA methylation [high-0.71 (0.34\u20131.90) vs. low-0.93 (0.45\u20133.00), p = 0.003]. Folate deficient individuals in high polluted areas [high-0.70 (0.37\u20131.29) vs. low-1.21 (0.45\u20133.65)] showed significantly reduced global methylation levels (p = 0.007). In low polluted areas, despite folate deficiency, if normal vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>levels were maintained, global DNA methylation levels improved significantly [2.03 (0.60\u20135.24), p = 0.007]. Conversely, in high polluted areas despite vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>deficiency, if normal folate status was maintained, global DNA methylation status improved significantly [0.91 (0.36\u20131.63)] compared to vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>normal individuals [0.54 (0.26\u20131.13), p = 0.04].<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>High homocysteine may aggravate the effects of air pollution on DNA methylation. Vitamin B<jats:sub>12<\/jats:sub>in low-polluted and folate in high-polluted areas may be strong determinants for changes in DNA methylation levels. The effect of air pollution on methylation levels may be reduced through inclusion of dietary or supplemented B-vitamins. This may serve as public level approach in natural settings to prevent metabolic adversities at community level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260860","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]],"date-time":"2021-12-02T19:38:31Z","timestamp":1638473911000},"page":"e0260860","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Association of air pollution and homocysteine with global DNA methylation: A population-based study from North India"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Suniti","family":"Yadav","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Imnameren","family":"Longkumer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Priyanka Rani","family":"Garg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Shipra","family":"Joshi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sunanda","family":"Rajkumari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Naorem Kiranmala","family":"Devi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0826-9675","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kallur Nava","family":"Saraswathy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0260860.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fpubh.2020.00014","article-title":"Environmental and health impacts of air pollution: a review","volume":"8","author":"I Manisalidis","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Public Health"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0260860.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"034005","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/3\/034005","article-title":"Global premature mortality due to anthropogenic outdoor air pollution and the contribution of past climate change","volume":"8","author":"RA Silva","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environ Res Lett"},{"key":"pone.0260860.ref003","unstructured":"Burden of Disease from Ambient and Household Air Pollution. 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