{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:01:34Z","timestamp":1787022094938,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642118400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000200","name":"United States Agency for International Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AID-BFS-G-11-00002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AID-BFS-G-11-00002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000200","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This study was conducted to assess the potential impact of applying a new groundnut planting density on welfare of smallholder farmers in northern Ghana. We used data from on-farm experiments, focus group discussions, and a household survey. We followed three steps in our analysis. First, we conducted cost-benefit analysis in which we showed the economic advantage of the new technology over the farmers\u2019 practice. Second, we predicted adoption rates along timeline using the Adoption and Diffusion Outcome Prediction Tool (ADOPT). Third, using the results of the first and the second steps, we estimated the potential impact of the technology on poverty at household level using a combination of methods such as economic surplus model and econometric model. The cost-benefit analysis shows that increasing plant density increases farmers\u2019 financial returns i.e., the benefit-cost-ratio increases from 1.05 under farmers\u2019 practice to 1.87 under the best plant density option, which is 22 plants\/sqm. The adoption prediction analysis shows that the maximum adoption rate for the best practice will be 62% which will take about nine years to reach. At the maximum adoption rate the incidence of extreme poverty will be reduced by about 3.6% if farmers have access to the international groundnut market and by about 2% if they do not have. The intervention will also reduce poverty gap and poverty severity. The results suggest that policy actions which can improve farmers\u2019 access to the international market will enhance farmers\u2019 welfare more than the situation in which farmers have access to domestic markets only. Furthermore, promoting a more integrated groundnut value-chain can broaden the demand base of the produce resulting in higher and sustainable impact of the technology on the welfare of groundnut producers and beyond.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260877","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T14:33:42Z","timestamp":1642170822000},"page":"e0260877","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Potential impact of groundnut production technology on welfare of smallholder farmers in Ghana"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5488-8426","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Bekele Hundie","family":"Kotu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4073-5610","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdul Rahman","family":"Nurudeen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francis","family":"Muthoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irmgard","family":"Hoeschle-Zeledon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred","family":"Kizito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0260877.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00220380412331322401","article-title":"World poverty and the role of agricultural technology: Direct and indirect effects","volume":"38","author":"A de Janvry","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Development Studies"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0260877.ref002","first-page":"1959","article-title":"The impact of research-led agricultural productivity growth on poverty reduction in Africa","volume":"31","author":"C Thirtle","year":"2003","journal-title":"Asia and Latin America. World Development"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-6854-1","volume-title":"Down to Earth Agriculture and Poverty Reduction in Africa","author":"L Christiaensen","year":"2007"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref004","volume-title":"World Development Report: Agriculture for Development","author":"World Bank","year":"2008"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdeveco.2010.10.006","article-title":"The (evolving) role of agriculture in poverty reduction\u2014An empirical perspective","volume":"96","author":"L Christiaensen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Development Economics"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref006","first-page":"1","article-title":"Poverty reduction effects of agricultural technology adoption: A micro-evidence from rural Tanzania","author":"S. Asfaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Development Studies"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2017.07.030","article-title":"Ex-ante welfare impacts of adopting maize-soybean rotation in eastern Zambia. Agriculture","volume":"249","author":"J Manda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecosystems and Environment"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1007\/s11205-019-02166-0","article-title":"The Impact of Agricultural Technologies on Poverty and Vulnerability of Smallholders in Ethiopia: A Panel Data Analysis","volume":"147","author":"WD Birru","year":"2020","journal-title":"Social Indicators Research"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2014.05.014","article-title":"Land pressures, the evolution of farming systems, and development strategies in Africa: A synthesis","volume":"48","author":"TS Jayne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"98","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2014.03.001","article-title":"Effects of rising rural population density on smallholder agriculture in Kenya.","volume":"48","author":"M Muyanga","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0260877.ref011","first-page":"911","article-title":"2001. Impact of Agricultural Research: Some Evidences.","volume":"36","author":"PK Joshi","year":"2001","journal-title":"Economic and Political Weekly"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"372","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2006.07.003","article-title":"Agricultural technology adoption and poverty reduction: A propensity-score matching analysis for rural Bangladesh","volume":"32","author":"M. Mendola","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref013","article-title":"The Asian Green Revolution. Discussion Paper #00911","author":"PBR Hazell","year":"2009","journal-title":"International Food Policy Research Institute"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-0862.2009.00396.x","article-title":"The economic and poverty impacts of maize research in West and Central Africa","volume":"40","author":"AD Alene","year":"2009","journal-title":"Agricultural Economics"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.worlddev.2014.01.023","article-title":"Impact of improved maize adoption on welfare of farm households in Malawi: A panel data analysis","volume":"59","author":"S Bezu","year":"2014","journal-title":"World Development"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8276.2007.00991.x","article-title":"Peanut research and poverty: impact of variety improvement to control peanut viruses in Uganda","volume":"89","author":"S Moyo","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Agricultural Economics"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref017","volume-title":"Science Under Scarcity: Principles and Practice for Agricultural Research Evaluation and Priority Setting","author":"JM Alston","year":"1995"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0260877.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"813","DOI":"10.1016\/S0305-750X(01)00010-9","article-title":"Impact of Bt Cotton in China.","volume":"29","author":"C Pray","year":"2001","journal-title":"World Development"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0260877.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1470-6431.2008.00697.x","article-title":"Groundnut consumption frequency","volume":"32","author":"CM Jolly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ghana. International Journal of Consumer Studies"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref020","unstructured":"Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Agriculture in Ghana: Facts and figures. Accra, Ghana: Statistics Research and Information Directorate, Ministry of Food and Agriculture http:\/\/mofa.gov.gh\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/. 2017. Agric%20in%20Ghana%20F&F%202016_Final.pdf. (accessed on February 2, 2020)."},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1024192604607","article-title":"Role of biological nitrogen fixation in legume-based cropping systems; a case study of West Africa farming systems","volume":"252","author":"N. Sanginga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant Soil"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-8809(03)00188-9","article-title":"Sustainable resource management coupled to resilient germplasm to provide new intensive cereal\u2013grain\u2013legume\u2013livestock systems in the dry savanna.","volume":"100","author":"N Sanginga","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agricultural Ecosystem and Environment"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1007\/s10705-008-9232-9","article-title":"Grain legume rotation benefits to maize in the northern Guinea savanna of Nigeria: fixed nitrogen versus other rotation effects","volume":"84","author":"AA Yusuf","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nutrient Cycling Agroecosystems"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.5194\/soil-1-491-2015","article-title":"Integrated soil fertility management in sub-Saharan Africa: unravelling local adaptation","author":"B Vanlauwe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soil 1"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref025","unstructured":"Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Statistics Research and Information Directorate, Ministry of Food and Agriculture. Agriculture in Ghana: Facts and Figures, October 2016 edition. http:\/\/mofa.gov.gh\/site\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/05\/Agric%20in%20Ghana%20F&F%202016_Final.pdf. 2016."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260877.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859608008290","article-title":"Influence of fungicide and sowing density on the growth and yield of two groundnut cultivars","volume":"147","author":"JB Naab","year":"2009","journal-title":"The Journal of Agricultural Science"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.3146\/i0095-3679-25-2-6","article-title":"Effect of Sowing Spacing on Vegetative Growth, Dry Matter Production, and Peanut Pod Yield","volume":"5","author":"O Giayetto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Peanut Science"},{"issue":"22","key":"pone.0260877.ref028","first-page":"2769","article-title":"Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) varietal response to spacing in the Guinea savanna agro-ecological zone of Ghana: Growth and yield","volume":"8","author":"S Konlan","year":"2013","journal-title":"African Journal of Agricultural Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260877.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.3923\/ijar.2014.87.98","article-title":"Phenological development and yield of three groundnut varieties as influenced by plant density in a forest savanna transition zone","volume":"9","author":"HK Dapaah","year":"2014","journal-title":"International Journal of Agricultural Research"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2014.04.002","article-title":"Which farmers benefit most from sustainable intensification? An ex-ante impact assessment of expanding grain legume production in Malawi.","volume":"58","author":"AC Franke","year":"2014","journal-title":"European Journal of Agronomy"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref031","first-page":"159","article-title":"Economic impacts of soil fertility management research in West Africa.","volume":"3","author":"AA Akinola","year":"2009","journal-title":"African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1111\/cjag.12067","article-title":"Ex Ante Welfare Analysis of Technological Change: The Case of Nitrogen Efficient Maize for African Soils.","volume":"64","author":"G Kostandini","year":"2016","journal-title":"Canadian Journal of Agricultural Economics"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref033","volume-title":"Impact of agricultural research on poverty alleviation: conceptual framework with illustrations from the literature. ETPD Discussion Paper No","author":"J Kerr","year":"1999"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-0862.2003.tb00143.x","article-title":"Measuring the impacts of agricultural research on poverty reduction","volume":"29","author":"J Alwang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Agricultural Economics"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref035","article-title":"Agricultural Production Survey for the Northern Regions of Ghana: 2013\u20132014 Results","author":"V Amanor-Boadu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Final Report"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref036","volume-title":"Sustainable intensification of cereal-based farming systems in Ghana\u2019s Guinea savannah: Constraints and opportunities identified with local communities","author":"J Ellis-Jones","year":"2012"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260877.ref037","first-page":"28","article-title":"Erosion and livelihood change in North East Ghana: A look into the bowl. International Journal of Sciences","volume":"7","author":"P Aniah","year":"2013","journal-title":"Basic and Applied Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0260877.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1080\/14735903.2017.1369619","article-title":"Adoption and impacts of sustainable intensification practices","volume":"15","author":"BH Kotu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ghana. International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref039","volume-title":"Technical notes series","author":"F Angelucci","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref040","unstructured":"Ghana Statistical Service. Poverty Trends in Ghana (2005\u20132017): Ghana Living Standards Survey-Round 7. 2018."},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.3146\/i0095-3679-27-2-3","article-title":"Impact of Plant Spacing and Population on Yield for Single-Row Non-irrigated Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.).","volume":"27","author":"DA Sternitzke","year":"2000","journal-title":"Peanut Science"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref042","unstructured":"FAOSTAT data on groundnut production and trade for Ghana, 2008\u20132018. http:\/\/www.fao.org\/faostat\/en\/#data."},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0260877.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/su12155970","article-title":"Evaluating Sustainable Intensification of Groundnut Production in Northern Ghana Using the Sustainable Intensification Assessment Framework Approach","volume":"12","author":"N Abdul Rahman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agsy.2017.06.007","article-title":"Predicting farmer uptake of new agricultural practices: A tool for research, extension and policy","volume":"156","author":"G Kuehne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agricultural Systems"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/0040-1625(93)90053-A","article-title":"The adoption of agricultural innovations: a review.","volume":"43","author":"G Feder","year":"1993","journal-title":"Technological Forecast and Social Change"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1407","DOI":"10.1071\/EA05037","article-title":"Understanding and promoting adoption of conservation technologies by rural landholders","volume":"46","author":"D Pannell","year":"2006","journal-title":"Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2006.01.003","article-title":"Farmers\u2019 adoption of conservation agriculture: a review and synthesis of recent research","volume":"32","author":"D Knowler","year":"2007","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.1016\/j.techfore.2013.07.003","article-title":"Forecasting deficit irrigation adoption using a mixed stakeholder assessment methodology","volume":"83","author":"F Alcon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Technological Forecast and Social Chang"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref049","author":"C Tinonin","year":"2016"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref050","volume-title":"Working Paper #47","author":"J Brooks","year":"2007"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref051","author":"The National Academy of Sciences","year":"1989","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref052","unstructured":"Ghana Statistical Service. Rebased 2013\u20132018 Annual Gross Domestic Product, April 2019 edition. https:\/\/statsghana.gov.gh\/gssmain\/storage\/img\/marqueeupdater\/Annual_2013_2018_GDP_April%202019%20Edition.pdf. 2019."},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0260877.ref053","first-page":"1502","article-title":"Predicted Willingness of Farmers to Adopt Water Harvesting Technologies: A. Case Study from the Jordanian Badia (Jordan).","volume":"15","author":"S Akroush","year":"2015","journal-title":"American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Science"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1237","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571-017-0691-1","article-title":"Simulated willingness of farmers to adopt fertilizer micro-dosing and rainwater harvesting technologies in semi-arid and sub-humid farming systems in Tanzania.","volume":"9","author":"L Mwinuka","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Security"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref055","article-title":"Technology Adoption and Output Difference Among Groundnut Farmers in Northern Ghana.","author":"DT Konja","year":"2021","journal-title":"The European Journal of Development Research"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref056","first-page":"1","article-title":"Poverty Reduction Effects of Agricultural Technology Adoption: A Micro-evidence from Rural Tanzania","author":"S Asfaw","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Development Studies"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1597","DOI":"10.3390\/su10051597","article-title":"Adoption of High-Yielding Groundnut Varieties: The Sustainability of a Farmer-Led Multiplication-Dissemination Program in Eastern Uganda","volume":"10","author":"JL Jelliffe","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sustainability"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0260877.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1111\/1477-9552.12011","article-title":"Adoption of multiple sustainable agricultural practices in rural Ethiopia","volume":"64","author":"H Teklewold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural Economics"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref059","volume-title":"Conditions of Agricultural Growth","author":"E. Boserup","year":"1965"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodpol.2014.05.005","article-title":"Adaptation to land constraints: Is Africa different?","volume":"48","author":"DD Headey","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Policy"},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref061","unstructured":"World Bank data base: https:\/\/data.worldbank.org\/indicator\/PA.NUS.PRVT.PP?locations = GH. (accessed on 10\/10\/ 2020)."},{"key":"pone.0260877.ref062","first-page":"1","article-title":"The Decline of Commodity Prices and Global Agricultural Trade Negotiations: A Game Changer?","volume":"8","author":"C Bellmann","year":"2017","journal-title":"International development policy"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260877","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]],"date-time":"2022-01-14T14:34:19Z","timestamp":1642170859000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260877"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Gideon","family":"Kruseman","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260877","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,14]]}}}