{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:01:35Z","timestamp":1787022095554,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,28]],"date-time":"2021-12-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640649600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) is the second most common vaginal infection that affects women of reproductive age. Its increased occurrence and associated treatment cost coupled to the rise in resistance of the causative pathogen to current antifungal therapies has necessitated the need for the discovery and development of novel effective antifungal agents for the treatment of the disease. We report in this study the anti-\n                    <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    activity of\n                    <jats:italic>Solanum torvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    70% ethanol fruit extract (STF), fractions and some isolated compounds against four (4) fluconazole-resistant strains of\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    . We further report on the effect of the isolated compounds on the antifungal activity of fluconazole and voriconazole in the resistant isolates as well as their inhibitory effect on\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm formation. STF was fractionated using n-hexane, chloroform (CHCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    ) and ethyl acetate (EtOAc) to obtain four respective major fractions, which were then evaluated for anti-\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    activity using the microbroth dilution method. The whole extract and fractions recorded MICs that ranged from 0.25 to 16.00 mg\/mL. From the most active fraction, STF- CHCl\n                    <jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub>\n                    (MIC = 0.25\u20131.00 mg\/mL), four (4) known compounds were isolated as Betulinic acid, 3-oxo-friedelan-20\u03b1-oic acid, Sitosterol-3-\u03b2-D-glucopyranoside and Oleanolic acid. The compounds demonstrated considerably higher antifungal activity (0.016 to 0.512 mg\/mL) than the extract and fractions and caused a concentration-dependent anti-biofilm formation activity. They also increased the sensitivity of the\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates to fluconazole. This is the first report of 3-oxo-friedelan-20\u03b1-oic acid in the plant as well as the first report of betulinic acid, sitosterol-3-\u03b2-D-glucopyranoside and oleanolic acid from the fruits of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>torvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The present study has demonstrated the anti-\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    activity of the constituents of\n                    <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>torvum<\/jats:italic>\n                    ethanol fruit extract and also shown that the constituents possess anti-biofilm formation and resistance modulatory activities against fluconazole-resistant clinical\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates.\n                  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