{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T17:37:54Z","timestamp":1792690674988,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640044800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"centers for disease control and prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["U2GGH001226"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["U2GGH001226"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"centers for disease control and prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GH001619"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GH001619"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000030","name":"centers for disease control and prevention","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["GGH000466"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["GGH000466"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000030","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Violence is associated with health-risk behaviors, potentially contributing to gender-related HIV incidence disparities in sub-Saharan Africa. Previous research has demonstrated that violence, gender, and HIV are linked via complex mechanisms that may be direct, such as through forced sex, or indirect, such as an inability to negotiate safe sex. Accurately estimating violence prevalence and its association with HIV is critical in monitoring programmatic efforts to reduce both violence and HIV. We compared prevalence estimates of violence in youth aged 15\u201324 years from two Ugandan population-based cross-sectional household surveys (Uganda Violence Against Children Survey 2015 [VACS] and Uganda Population-based HIV Impact Assessment 2016\u20132017 [UPHIA]), stratified by gender. UPHIA violence estimates were consistently lower than VACS estimates, including lifetime physical violence, recent intimate partner physical violence, and lifetime sexual violence, likely reflecting underestimation of violence in UPHIA. Multiple factors likely contributed to these differences, including the survey objectives, interviewer training, and questionnaire structure. VACS may be better suited to estimate distal determinants of HIV acquisition for youth (including experience of violence) than UPHIA, which is crucial for monitoring progress toward HIV epidemic control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260986","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T18:48:15Z","timestamp":1640112495000},"page":"e0260986","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["A comparison of two population-based household surveys in Uganda for assessment of violence against youth"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2061-2672","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dustin W.","family":"Currie","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rose","family":"Apondi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine A.","family":"West","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Biraro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia N.","family":"Wasula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1386-8194","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pragna","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Hegle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ashleigh","family":"Howard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina","family":"Benevides de Barros","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8524-7915","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Tonji","family":"Durant","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura F.","family":"Chiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew C.","family":"Voetsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greta M.","family":"Massetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0260986.ref001","unstructured":"United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs (UNDESA). Definition of youth. Available at: https:\/\/www.un.org\/esa\/socdev\/documents\/youth\/fact-sheets\/youth-definition.pdf. Accessed Nov 18, 2021."},{"key":"pone.0260986.ref002","volume-title":"World report on violence and health: summary","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2002"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0260986.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20154079","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-4079","article-title":"Global prevalence of past-year violence against children: A systematic review and minimum estimates","volume":"137","author":"S Hillis","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"pone.0260986.ref004","volume-title":"Global status report on violence prevention 2014","author":"World Health Organization, United Nations","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0260986.ref005","volume-title":"World report on violence and health","author":"EG Krug","year":"2012"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0260986.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1001\/archpedi.155.11.1238","article-title":"Exposure to violence and associated health-risk behaviors among adolescent girls","volume":"155","author":"AB Berenson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med"},{"key":"pone.0260986.ref007","volume-title":"Global and regional estimates of violence against women: Prevalence and health effects of intimate partner violence and non-partner sexual violence","author":"World Health Organization, United Nations","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0260986.ref008","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Fact sheet: Sub-Saharan Africa. Available at: https:\/\/www.who.int\/hiv\/mediacentre\/200605-FS_SubSaharanAfrica_en.pdf. Accessed Nov 16, 2021."},{"key":"pone.0260986.ref009","unstructured":"UNAIDS. Fact sheet 2021: Global HIV statistics. Available at: https:\/\/www.unaids.org\/sites\/default\/files\/media_asset\/UNAIDS_FactSheet_en.pdf. Accessed Nov 18, 2021."},{"key":"pone.0260986.ref010","unstructured":"United Nations: Africa Renewal. Uganda: Violence against women unabated despite laws and policies. Available at: https:\/\/www.un.org\/africarenewal\/news\/uganda-violence-against-women-unabated-despite-laws-and-policies. Accessed Nov 10, 2021."},{"key":"pone.0260986.ref011","volume-title":"Uganda Population-based HIV Impact Assessment (UPHIA) 2016\u201317: Final Report","author":"Ministry of Health, Uganda","year":"2019"},{"key":"pone.0260986.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)60548-X","article-title":"Intimate partner violence, relationship power inequity, and incidence of HIV infection in young women in South Africa: A cohort study","volume":"376","author":"RK Jewkes","year":"2010","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0260986.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(99)00270-1","article-title":"The Intersections of HIV and Violence: Directions for Future Research and Interventions","volume":"50","author":"S Maman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Soc Sci Med"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0260986.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e24256","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0024256","article-title":"The relationship between intimate partner violence, rape and HIV amongst South African men: A cross-sectional study","volume":"6","author":"R Jewkes","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0260986.ref015","volume-title":"The African report on violence against children","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0260986.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19849","DOI":"10.7448\/IAS.17.1.19849","article-title":"Addressing gender inequality and intimate partner violence as critical barriers to an effective HIV response in sub-Saharan Africa","volume":"17","author":"C Watts","year":"2014","journal-title":"J Int AIDS Soc"},{"key":"pone.0260986.ref017","volume-title":"Violence Against Children in Uganda: Findings from a national survey","author":"Ministry of Gender, Labor, and Social Development, Uganda","year":"2015"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0260986.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.1136\/injuryprev-2018-042916","article-title":"Sampling design and methodology of the Violence Against Children and Youth Surveys","volume":"25","author":"KH Nguyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Inj Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0260986.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1728-4465.2001.00001.x","article-title":"Researching domestic violence against women: Methodological and ethical considerations","volume":"32","author":"M Ellsberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Studies in Family Planning"},{"key":"pone.0260986.ref020","volume-title":"Uganda Demographic and Health Survey 2016","author":"Uganda Bureau of Statistics (UBOS) and ICF","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0260986.ref021","volume-title":"Preventing intimate partner and sexual violence against women: Taking action and generating evidence","author":"World Health Organization","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0260986.ref022","volume-title":"Researching violence against women: A practical guide for researchers and activists","author":"M Ellsberg","year":"2005"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0260986.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbj.2016.04.005","article-title":"Methodological and ethical challenges in violence research","volume":"1","author":"S Fraga","year":"2016","journal-title":"Porto Biomed J"},{"key":"pone.0260986.ref024","volume-title":"Critical elements of interviewer training for engaging children and adolescents in global violence research: Best practices and lessons learned from the Violence Against Children Survey","author":"Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","year":"2017"},{"key":"pone.0260986.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.18356\/da0919b9-en","volume-title":"Guidelines for producing statistics on violence against women","author":"United Nations","year":"2014"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260986","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]],"date-time":"2021-12-21T18:48:42Z","timestamp":1640112522000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260986"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Lindsay","family":"Stark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]},"references-count":25,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0260986","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,21]]}}}