{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,31]],"date-time":"2025-10-31T13:38:48Z","timestamp":1761917928483,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Daejeon St. Mary\u2019s Hospital","award":["CMCDJ-P-2021013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CMCDJ-P-2021013"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Previous studies reported that changes in weather and phases of moon are associated with medical emergencies and injuries. However, such studies were limited to hospital or community level without explaining the combined effects of weather and moon phases. We investigated whether changes in weather and moon phases affected emergency department (ED) visits due to fall injuries (FIs) based on nationwide emergency patient registry data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Nationwide daily data of ED visits after FI were collected from 11 provinces (7 metropolitan cities and 4 rural provinces) in Korea between January 2014 and December 2018. The daily number of FIs was standardized into FI per million population (FPP) in each province. A multivariate regression analysis was conducted to elucidate the relationship between weather factors and moon phases with respect to daily FPP in each province. The correlation between weather factors and FI severity was also analyzed.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study analyzed 666,912 patients (418,135 in metropolitan and 248,777 in rural areas) who visited EDs on weekdays. No regional difference was found in age or gender distribution between the two areas. Precipitation, minimum temperature and wind speed showed a significant association with FI in metropolitan areas. In addition, sunshine duration was also substantial risk factors for FI in rural areas. The incidence of FIs was increased on full moon days than on other days in rural areas. Injury severity was associated with weather factors such as minimum temperature, wind speed, and cloud cover.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Weather changes such as precipitation, minimum temperature, and wind speed are associated with FI in metropolitan and rural areas. In addition, sunshine duration and full moon are significantly associated with FI incidence only in rural areas. Weather factors are associated with FI severity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T18:28:30Z","timestamp":1640975310000},"page":"e0261071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Effects of weather and moon phases on emergency medical use after fall injury: A population-based nationwide study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Min Ah","family":"Yuh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9935-3516","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kisung","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seon Hee","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sikyoung","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0519-9824","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Juseok","family":"Oh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jinwoo","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3387-6194","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sungyoup","family":"Hong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"volume-title":"WHO global report on falls prevention in older age:","year":"2008","author":"WH Organization","key":"pone.0261071.ref001"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0261071.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1173","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2788.2012.01643.x","article-title":"Falls in older persons with intellectual disabilities: fall rate, circumstances and consequences.","volume":"57","author":"E Smulders","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Intellect Disabil Res"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0261071.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"822","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph13080822","article-title":"Role of Winter Weather Conditions and Slipperiness on Tourists\u2019 Accidents in Finland.","volume":"13","author":"E Lepy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"issue":"17","key":"pone.0261071.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6096","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph17176096","article-title":"Weather conditions and outdoor fall injuries in Northwestern Russia.","volume":"17","author":"TN Unguryanu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Environ Res Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0261071.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aap.2019.02.004","article-title":"Prevention. Inattention and distraction in fatal road crashes\u2013Results from in-depth crash investigations in Norway.","volume":"125","author":"HB Sundf\u00f8r","year":"2019","journal-title":"Accid Anal Prev"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261071.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcgg.2011.02.002","article-title":"Higher incidence of falls in winter among older people in Hong Kong.","volume":"2","author":"P-Y Yeung","year":"2011","journal-title":"J of Clin Gerontol Geriatr"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0261071.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1814","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2015.02.026","article-title":"Effect of weather and time on trauma events determined using emergency medical service registry data.","volume":"46","author":"L-W Lin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Injury"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0261071.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"802","DOI":"10.1080\/10903127.2019.1593563","article-title":"Weather and temporal factors associated with use of emergency medical services.","volume":"23","author":"S Ramgopal","year":"2019","journal-title":"Prehosp Emerg Care"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0261071.ref009","first-page":"1103","article-title":"Relation of the weather and the lunar cycle with the incidence of trauma in the Groningen region over a 36-year period","volume":"67","author":"W Stomp","year":"2009","journal-title":"J Trauma"},{"issue":"1_suppl","key":"pone.0261071.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53S","DOI":"10.1177\/0033354917706968","article-title":"Risk of fall-related injury due to adverse weather events, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 2006\u20132011","volume":"132","author":"K Gevitz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Public Health Rep"},{"key":"pone.0261071.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"801","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.07.053","article-title":"Hagihara AJSotte. Full moon and traffic accident-related emergency ambulance transport: A nationwide case-crossover study","volume":"644","author":"D Onozuka","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Total Environ"},{"key":"pone.0261071.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"j5367","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.j5367","article-title":"The full moon and motorcycle related mortality: population based double control study","volume":"359","author":"DA Redelmeier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br Med J"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0261071.ref013","first-page":"547","article-title":"Korean triage and acuity scale (KTAS).","volume":"28","author":"J Park","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Korean Soc Emerg Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261071.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2013.018","article-title":"The chi-square test of independence.","volume":"23","author":"ML McHugh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biochem Med."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261071.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1080\/09291016.2018.1526502","article-title":"Effects of different phases of the lunar month on living organisms.","volume":"51","author":"U. 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