{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T15:30:35Z","timestamp":1790782235652,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008736","name":"Fondo de Fomento al Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico y Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1191601"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1191601"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008736","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Interaction of\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores with the intestinal mucosa contributes to the persistence and recurrence of the infection. Advanced age is one of the main risk factors for\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and recurrence of the disease. However, interaction of\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    spores with the intestinal mucosa during aging has not been evaluated. In the present work, using intestinal ligated loop technique in a mouse model, we analyzed\n                    <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>\n                    .\n                    <jats:italic>difficile<\/jats:italic>\n                    spore adherence and internalization to the ileum and colonic mucosa during aging. Additionally, we provide visual documentation of the critical steps of the procedure. Consequently, our data suggest that spore internalization in the ileum and colonic mucosa is higher in elderly mice rather than adults or young mice. Also, our data suggest that spore adherence to the ileum and colonic mucosa decreases with aging.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261081","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T13:36:36Z","timestamp":1640180196000},"page":"e0261081","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Using a ligate intestinal loop mouse model to investigate Clostridioides difficile adherence to the intestinal mucosa in aged mice"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3370-4878","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pablo","family":"Castro-C\u00f3rdova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4760-7953","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Mar\u00eda Jos\u00e9","family":"Mendoza-Le\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6176-9943","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Daniel","family":"Paredes-Sabja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"issue":"Suppl 2","key":"pone.0261081.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S66","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/civ140","article-title":"Current Trends in the Epidemiology and Outcomes of Clostridium difficile Infection","volume":"60","author":"CT Evans","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0261081.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1178633718758023","DOI":"10.1177\/1178633718758023","article-title":"Recent Progress for the Effective Prevention and Treatment of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Infection","volume":"11","author":"I Ramsay","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect Dis (Auckl)."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261081.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.1031189","article-title":"Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in adults","volume":"171","author":"SM Poutanen","year":"2004","journal-title":"CMAJ"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0261081.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1417","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1309.061116","article-title":"Increase in Clostridium difficile-related mortality rates, United States, 1999\u20132004","volume":"13","author":"MD Redelings","year":"2007","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0261081.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"546","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2016.9045","article-title":"Comparative Effectiveness of Vancomycin and Metronidazole for the Prevention of Recurrence and Death in Patients With Clostridium difficile Infection","volume":"177","author":"VW Stevens","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0261081.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjid.2015.03.006","article-title":"A meta-analysis of metronidazole and vancomycin for the treatment of Clostridium difficile infection, stratified by disease severity","volume":"19","author":"X Di","year":"2015","journal-title":"Braz J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0261081.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2009.03.010","article-title":"Recurrent Clostridium difficile infection: a review of risk factors, treatments, and outcomes","volume":"58","author":"S. 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