{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,4]],"date-time":"2026-06-04T00:07:43Z","timestamp":1780531663696,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2020S1A3A2A02103411"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2020S1A3A2A02103411"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Data-based instruction (DBI) is an ongoing process to utilize students\u2019 data for determining when and how to intensify intervention. It is an educational approach that is suggested as effective to enhance achievements of struggling learners, particularly for those who did not respond to intensive intervention in usual ways. In Korea, DBI was introduced and applied for students with learning difficulties especially since 2000 when the first Korea curriculum-based measurement (CBM) was developed as the name of Basic Academic Skills Assessment. Despite a number of studies accumulated since then, there has been a lack of research that examined the level of evidence-based practice (EBP) of DBI research. Thus, the present study sought to synthesize the DBI research so far in Korea by analyzing the effectiveness of DBI for school-aged students with learning difficulties via meta-analysis and evaluating the quality of the research. In this study, a total of 32 single-subject design studies were used. Multilevel meta-analysis revealed that the mean effect size of DBI was statistically significant (<jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic> = 1.34) and there was significant variance across participants in effect sizes. The results from the conditional model showed that exceptionality type, the number of sessions, and the length of each session were significantly accountable for the variability of effect sizes. In addition, the results of the qualitative analysis revealed the acceptable quality of the overall DBI research with some limitations. Based on these findings, implications and study limitations were discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261120","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T18:32:44Z","timestamp":1640284364000},"page":"e0261120","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The Effects of Data-based Instruction (DBI) for Students with Learning Difficulties in Korea: A Single-subject Meta-analysis"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5899-8043","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dongil","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0245-6541","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Seohyeon","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261120.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1177\/00222194040370010401","article-title":"Learning difficulties in numeracy in Australia","volume":"37","author":"CE van Kraayenoord","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref002","volume-title":"Transforming disability into ability: policies to promote work and income security for disabled people.","author":"Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development","year":"2003"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref003","volume-title":"Students with disabilities, learning difficulties and disadvantages: Statistics and indicators","author":"C. Robson","year":"2005"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0261120.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1177\/001440291007600304","article-title":"The \u201cblurring\u201d of special education in a new continuum of general education placements and services.","volume":"76","author":"D Fuchs","year":"2010","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref005","volume-title":"Data-based individualization: A framework for intensive intervention","author":"National Center on Intensive Intervention (NCII) at American Institutes for Research","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref006","volume-title":"Data-based program modification: A manual","author":"SL Deno","year":"1977"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0261120.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/1540-5826.00074","article-title":"Problem\u2010solving model for decision making with high\u2010incidence disabilities: The Minneapolis experience","volume":"18","author":"D Marston","year":"2003","journal-title":"Learning Disabilities Research & Practice"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0261120.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1111\/ldrp.12172","article-title":"Effects of data\u2010based individualization for students with intensive learning needs: A meta\u2010analysis","volume":"33","author":"PG Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"Learning Disabilities Research & Practice"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1177\/0888406417730112","article-title":"Professional development for data-based instruction in early writing: Tools, learning, and collaborative support","volume":"41","author":"ES Lembke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Teacher Education and Special Education"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0261120.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.20113","article-title":"Using curriculum\u2010based measurement to improve student achievement: Review of research.","volume":"42","author":"PM Stecker","year":"2005","journal-title":"Psychology in the Schools"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1177\/074193258901000209","article-title":"Effects of instrumental use of curriculum-based measurement to enhance instructional programs","volume":"10","author":"LS Fuchs","year":"1989","journal-title":"Remedial and Special Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1086\/711235","article-title":"Usability and feasibility of data-based instruction for Students with intensive writing needs","volume":"121","author":"AL Poch","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Elementary School Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0261120.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1177\/07419325050260030401","article-title":"Effects of curriculum-based measurement with and without diagnostic feedback on teacher planning","volume":"26","author":"AM Capizzi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Remedial and Special Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"449","DOI":"10.3102\/00028312021002449","article-title":"The effects of frequent curriculum-based measurement and evaluation on pedagogy, student achievement, and student awareness of learning","volume":"21","author":"LS Fuchs","year":"1984","journal-title":"American Educational Research Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261120.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1037\/edu0000358","article-title":"Supporting teachers\u2019 use of data-based instruction to improve students\u2019 early writing skills","volume":"112","author":"KL McMaster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0261120.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1177\/001440298505200303","article-title":"Curriculum-based measurement: The emerging alternative","volume":"52","author":"SL Deno","year":"1985","journal-title":"Exceptional children"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1177\/0022466916670637","article-title":"Meta-analysis of criterion validity for curriculum-based measurement in written language","volume":"51","author":"JE Romig","year":"2017","journal-title":"The Journal of Special Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0261120.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1080\/02796015.2001.12086131","article-title":"Using curriculum-based measurement to establish growth standards for students with learning disabilities","volume":"30","author":"SL Deno","year":"2001","journal-title":"School Psychology Review"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref019","volume-title":"Basic Academic Skills Assessment (BASA): reading","author":"DI Kim","year":"2008"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.5749\/minnesota\/9780816679706.001.0001","volume-title":"A measure of success: The influence of curriculum-based measurement on education","author":"C Espin","year":"2012"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0261120.ref021","first-page":"187","article-title":"Literature synthesis on curriculum-based measurement (CBM) research in Korea: Focused on the technical adequacy","volume":"11","author":"SS Yeo","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref022","first-page":"40","article-title":"Identifying and Implementing Education Practices Supported by Rigorous Evidence: A User Friendly Guide","volume":"26","author":"J Baron","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal for Vocational Special Needs Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1177\/001440290507100201","article-title":"Research in special education: Scientific methods and evidence-based practices","volume":"71","author":"SL Odom","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1177\/001440290507100202","article-title":"Quality indicators for group experimental and quasi-experimental research in special education","volume":"71","author":"R Gersten","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1177\/001440290507100203","article-title":"The use of single-subject research to identify evidence-based practice in special education","volume":"71","author":"RH Horner","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261120.ref026","first-page":"165","article-title":"Characteristics and effects of data-based individualization on student achievement: A literature review","volume":"15","author":"PG Jung","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Korea Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1177\/001440291107700201","article-title":"Cognitive strategy instruction for improving expository text comprehension of students with learning disabilities: The quality of evidence","volume":"77","author":"AK Jitendra","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0261120.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.35361\/KJID.22.4.8","article-title":"Analysis of video modeling interventions for people with intellectual disabilities using quality indicators","volume":"22","author":"YJ An","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Intellectual Disabilities"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0261120.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1177\/001440290907500301","article-title":"Repeated reading interventions for students with learning disabilities: Status of the evidence","volume":"75","author":"DJ Chard","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0261120.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1177\/0022466918790001","article-title":"Data-based decision making in reading interventions: A synthesis and meta-analysis of the effects for struggling readers.","volume":"52","author":"MJ Filderman","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Special Education"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0261120.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.18541\/ser.2016.11.15.4.61","article-title":"The application of data-based instruction to writing instruction: A case example of a student at risk for writing difficulties","volume":"15","author":"PG Jung","year":"2016","journal-title":"Special Education Research"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0261120.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1521\/scpq.18.3.325.22577","article-title":"Combining single-case experimental data using hierarchical linear models","volume":"18","author":"W Van den Noortgate","year":"2003","journal-title":"School Psychology Quarterly"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261120.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03195492","article-title":"Hierarchical linear models for the quantitative integration of effect sizes in single-case research","volume":"35","author":"W Van Den Noortgate","year":"2003","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1037\/h0100613","article-title":"The aggregation of single-case results using hierarchical linear models","volume":"8","author":"W Van den Noortgate","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Behavior Analyst Today"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261120.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rasd.2010.06.023","article-title":"Examining the effectiveness of peer-mediated and video-modeling social skills interventions for children with autism spectrum disorders: A meta-analysis in single-case research using HLM","volume":"5","author":"SY Wang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0261120.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-012-1726-2","article-title":"Meta-analysis of social skills interventions of single-case research for individuals with autism spectrum disorders: Results from three-level HLM","volume":"43","author":"SY Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"766","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ridd.2011.10.010","article-title":"A multilevel meta-analysis of single-case and small-n research on interventions for reducing challenging behavior in persons with intellectual disabilities.","volume":"33","author":"M Heyvaert","year":"2012","journal-title":"Research in Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1037\/14376-000","volume-title":"Single-case intervention research: Methodological and statistical advances","author":"TR Kratochwill","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261120.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0022466912443894","article-title":"Hierarchical linear modeling meta-analysis of single-subject design research","volume":"48","author":"NA Gage","year":"2014","journal-title":"The Journal of Special Education"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0261120.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445503261167","article-title":"The relationship between visual analysis and five statistical analyses in a simple AB single-case research design.","volume":"30","author":"DF Brossart","year":"2006","journal-title":"Behavior Modification"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0261120.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1002\/pits.20240","article-title":"Statistical reform: Evidence\u2010based practice, meta\u2010analyses, and single subject designs","volume":"44","author":"WR Jenson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychology in the Schools"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref042","volume-title":"Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods","author":"SW Raudenbush","year":"2002"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref043","volume-title":"HLM 6: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling","author":"SW Raudenbush","year":"2004"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.3758\/s13428-012-0261-6","article-title":"Three-level meta-analysis of dependent effect sizes.","volume":"45","author":"W Van den Noortgate","year":"2013","journal-title":"Behavior Research Methods."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261120.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1002\/jrsm.5","article-title":"Robust variance estimation in meta\u2010regression with dependent effect size estimates","volume":"1","author":"LV Hedges","year":"2010","journal-title":"Research Synthesis Methods"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1080\/1045988X.2016.1212321","article-title":"A synthesis of interventions for improving oral reading fluency of elementary students with learning disabilities.","volume":"61","author":"MK Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0261120.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1080\/02702711.2012.630613","article-title":"The relationship of error rate and comprehension in second and third grade oral reading fluency","volume":"33","author":"M Abbott","year":"2012","journal-title":"Reading Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0261120.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1207\/S1532799XSSR0503_3","article-title":"Oral reading fluency as an indicator of reading competence: A theoretical, empirical, and historical analysis","volume":"5","author":"LS Fuchs","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scientific Studies of Reading"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261120.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s11881-006-0003-5","article-title":"Reading fluency: The whole is more than the parts","volume":"56","author":"T Katzir","year":"2006","journal-title":"Annals of Dyslexia"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0261120.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1373","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.34.6.1373","article-title":"Analyzing the development of individual differences in terms of Matthew effects in reading: Results from a Dutch longitudinal study","volume":"34","author":"J Bast","year":"1998","journal-title":"Developmental Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2044-8279.1992.tb01016.x","article-title":"Patterns of reading development in the first school","volume":"62","author":"H. FRANCIS","year":"1992","journal-title":"British Journal of Educational Psychology"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1177\/0741932514558337","article-title":"Rethinking service delivery for students with significant learning problems: Developing and implementing intensive instruction","volume":"36","author":"D Fuchs","year":"2015","journal-title":"Remedial and Special Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1007\/BF03024951","article-title":"Use of hierarchical linear modeling and curriculum-based measurement for assessing academic growth and instructional factors for students with learning difficulties.","volume":"5","author":"J Shin","year":"2004","journal-title":"Asia Pacific Education Review"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261120.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1177\/001440290507200103","article-title":"Intellectual, academic, and behavioral functioning of students with high-incidence disabilities: A cross-categorical meta-analysis","volume":"72","author":"EJ Sabornie","year":"2005","journal-title":"Exceptional Children"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref055","volume-title":"Educating exceptional children","author":"S Kirk","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261120.ref056","first-page":"60","article-title":"Investigating the usage of reading curriculum-based measurement (CBM-R) to formatively assess the basic reading skills of students with intellectual disability.","volume":"55","author":"SM Snyder","year":"2020","journal-title":"Education and Training in Autism and Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref057","article-title":"Study of General Outcome Measurement (GOMs) in Reading for Students with Significant Cognitive Disabilities: Year","author":"T Wallace","year":"2008","journal-title":"RIPM Technical Report"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261120.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.5206\/eei.v21i1.7670","article-title":"Using CBM to help Canadian elementary teachers write effective IEP goals","volume":"21","author":"C. Mattatall","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exceptionality Education International"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0261120.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1177\/0022219420913543","article-title":"Exploring the relation between teacher factors and student growth in early writing","volume":"53","author":"BC Bresina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261120.ref060","first-page":"183","article-title":"Analysis of the problem and present state of instructional adaptation in elementary social subject","volume":"11","author":"SM Choi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Intellection Disabilities"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0261120.ref061","first-page":"93","article-title":"Re-conceptualizing an intervention intensity for students with learning disabilities: Focusing on teachers\u2019 selection of evidence-based instruction and instructional modification","volume":"16","author":"JH Shin","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Korea Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0261120.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1177\/0040059918758166","article-title":"The taxonomy of intervention intensity.","volume":"50","author":"LS Fuchs","year":"2018","journal-title":"Teaching Exceptional Children"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0261120.ref063","first-page":"123","article-title":"The effect of E-NIE program on the reading fluency and writing of a student with intellectual disabilities","volume":"19","author":"MO Shim","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Developmental Disabilities"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref064","unstructured":"Kwon HJ. The effects of cognitive processing training based on PASS Reading Enhancement Program (PREP) on the reading speed and accuracy of the student with mild mental retardation [master\u2019s thesis]. Kongju National University; 2014."},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref065","unstructured":"Cho GH. The effects of Readers Theater program on reading fluency and reading comprehension of reading underachievers [master\u2019s thesis]. Seoul National University; 2008."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.15753\/aje.2008.9.2.005","article-title":"A study on the meaning of goal setting and effects of intervention within curriculum-based measurement","volume":"9","author":"JK Choi","year":"2008","journal-title":"Asian Journal of Education"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref067","unstructured":"You EK. The effects of national language differentiated instruction on reading ability of underachievers in national language [master\u2019s thesis]. Daegu National University of Education; 2016."},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref068","unstructured":"Kim KH. The effects of children\u2019s poem program based on the balanced approach to language education on reading skills of the underachieved students in Korean language. [master\u2019s thesis]. Daegu National University of Education; 2017."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261120.ref069","first-page":"87","article-title":"The effects of language experience approach utilizing graphic organizer on writing abilities of students with mild intellectual disabilities","volume":"26","author":"HJ Lee","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Special Education"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref070","first-page":"71","article-title":"The effects of mathematical learning through the play activities on computation abilities and mathematical attitudes of low-achieving students","volume":"4","author":"DY Kwon","year":"2007","journal-title":"The Korea Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref071","unstructured":"Yu JW. Effects of written expression on written ability and fluency for students with learning difficulties in middle school [master\u2019s thesis]. Chonnam National University of Education; 2010."},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref072","unstructured":"Han YS. Effects of book discussion activities on writing achievements for at-risk students with learning disabilities in writing [master\u2019s thesis]. Daegu National University of Education; 2014."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.20972\/kjee.26.2.201506.231","article-title":"Effects of whole language approach with fairy tales on reading abilities of students with learning difficulties","volume":"26","author":"SH Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Journal of Korea Elementary Education"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref074","unstructured":"Lee EO. A study on the effects of writing book reports using a peer tutoring writing skills improvement of the student with severe learning disability [master\u2019s thesis]. Chonnam National University of Education; 2015."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref075","first-page":"1","article-title":"Effects of the mindfulness-based reading intervention on the attention behavior and reading fluency of students with learning disabilities. Journal of Special Education &","volume":"52","author":"MY Kwon","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rehabilitation Science"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0261120.ref076","first-page":"103","article-title":"The effects of synthetic phonics training based on explicit instruction on word recognition, oral reading fluency and spelling of students at risk for dyslexia","volume":"15","author":"SJ Shin","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Korea Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261120.ref077","first-page":"193","article-title":"BASA implementation for children with learning disabilities: The one-year CBM case study in Korea. The Journal of Special Education","volume":"15","author":"DI Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Theory and Practice"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref078","unstructured":"Kim BR. The effects of RTI as an intervention and diagnostic approach for at-risk students in mathematics [master\u2019s thesis]. Gyeongin National University of Education; 2011."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261120.ref079","first-page":"1","article-title":"A case study on learning consulting for children with poor mathematics","volume":"6","author":"YS Ko","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of School Psychology and Learning Consultation"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.34249\/jse.2014.21.2.196","article-title":"The effect of reading guidance through smart learning on reading fluency of students with intellectual disability","volume":"21","author":"MJ Kim","year":"2014","journal-title":"Journal of Special Education"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref081","unstructured":"Lee JY. The effect of story retelling activities on reading abilities of ADHD-risk students [master\u2019s thesis]. Daegu National University of Education; 2015."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref082","first-page":"185","article-title":"Effects of reverse-role tutoring on reading fluency and academic self-confidency of at-risk readers","volume":"12","author":"MK Kim","year":"2015","journal-title":"The Korea Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref083","unstructured":"Gil YM. The effect of collaborative writing with classical literature on writing achievements for underachievers in Korean language [master\u2019s thesis]. Daegu National University of Education; 2015."},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref084","unstructured":"Seul YG. A study on change in reading abilities of children with reading disabilities through interested reading programs [master\u2019s thesis]. Yosu National University; 2005."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref085","first-page":"25","article-title":"An analysis of the effects of the synthetic phonics program on phonological awareness skills of underachieving children","volume":"20","author":"DI Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"The Journal of Special Children Education"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref086","unstructured":"Hwang AH. The effects of teaching phonics through direct instruction and fluency training on reading for poor readers [master\u2019s thesis]. Duksung Women\u2019s University; 2012."},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref087","unstructured":"Ahn SJ. The effect of scaffolding intervention program to improve reading achievement in elementary students with poor reading [master\u2019s thesis]. Seoul National University; 2018."},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref088","unstructured":"Choi EJ. The effects of reading strategy training on reading disorder children\u2019s reading ability and reading attitude [master\u2019s thesis]. Daegu University; 2006."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261120.ref089","first-page":"313","article-title":"The study on the applicability of response to intervention","volume":"44","author":"KJ Jung","year":"2009","journal-title":"Korean Journal of Special Education"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261120.ref090","first-page":"127","article-title":"The effects of subitizing based numbers sense intervention on number sense and counting for students at-risk of MLD","volume":"17","author":"PR Song","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Korea Journal of Learning Disabilities"},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref091","unstructured":"Kim ES. Applicability research of direct instruction addition and subtraction program for mathematical underachievers in elementary school [master\u2019s thesis]. Seoul National University; 2015."},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref092","unstructured":"An MS. The effects of computer assisted instruction on the addition and subtraction computation performance of middle school students with intellectual disabilities [master\u2019s thesis]. Dankook University; 2012."},{"key":"pone.0261120.ref093","unstructured":"Jeong CM. The effect of creative summary note on writing achievements for underachievers in Korean language [master\u2019s thesis]. Daegu National University of Education; 2015."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0261120.ref094","first-page":"589","article-title":"A case study of individualized reading fluency program for students at-risk of learning disabilities. Journal of Research in Curriculum &","volume":"24","author":"DI Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Instruction"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0261120","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T18:34:30Z","timestamp":1640284470000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0261120"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Mohammed","family":"Saqr","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"references-count":94,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0261120","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]}}}