{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,30]],"date-time":"2025-06-30T23:03:43Z","timestamp":1751324623337,"version":"3.37.3"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1639612800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004561","name":"Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["48973\/PCF-MON-OT-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["48973\/PCF-MON-OT-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004561","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012632","name":"Nazarbayev University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["FDCRGP Reference: 240919FD3913"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FDCRGP Reference: 240919FD3913"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background &amp; aims<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Kazakhstan has implemented comprehensive programs to reduce the incidence of Hepatitis B and Hepatitis C. This study aims to assess seroprevalence and risk factors for HBsAg and anti-HCV positivity in three large regions of Kazakhstan.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A cross-sectional study was conducted in three regions geographically remote from each other. Participants were randomly selected using a two-stage stratified cluster sampling and were surveyed by a questionnaire based on the WHO STEP survey instrument. Blood samples were collected for HBsAg and anti-HCV testing.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A total of 4,620 participants were enrolled. The seroprevalence was 5.5% (95%CI: 3.6%-8.4%) for HBsAg and 5.1% (95%CI: 3.5%-7.5%) for anti-HCV antibodies. Both were more prevalent in the western and northern regions than in the southern. A history of blood transfusion was significantly associated with anti-HCV presence, with odds ratios (ORs) of 2.10 (95%CI: 1.37\u20133.21) and was borderline associated with HBsAg 1.39 (95%CI: 0.92\u20132.10), respectively. Having a family member with viral hepatitis was also borderline associated (2.09 (95%CI: 0.97\u20134.50)) with anti-HCV positivity.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study found a high-intermediate level of endemicity for HBsAg and a high level of endemicity for anti-HCV antibodies in three large regions of Kazakhstan. We found that history of surgery was not associated with HbsAg neither with anti-HCV seropositivity rates. Blood transfusion was associated with anti-HCV seropositivity, however, to investigate effectiveness of the introduced comprehensive preventive measures in health care settings, there is a need to conduct further epidemiological studies.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261155","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]],"date-time":"2021-12-16T18:51:48Z","timestamp":1639680708000},"page":"e0261155","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Seroprevalence and risk factors for hepatitis B and hepatitis C in three large regions of Kazakhstan"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Alexander","family":"Nersesov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2805-8645","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arnur","family":"Gusmanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4663-1874","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Byron","family":"Crape","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gulnara","family":"Junusbekova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Salim","family":"Berkinbayev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Almagul","family":"Jumabayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0783-4441","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jamilya","family":"Kaibullayeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saltanat","family":"Madenova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mariya","family":"Novitskaya","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Margarita","family":"Nazarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Abduzhappar","family":"Gaipov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aiymkul","family":"Ashimkhanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kainar","family":"Kadyrzhanuly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7048-1511","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kuralay","family":"Atageldiyeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0084-4062","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sandro","family":"Vento","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8968-2655","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alpamys","family":"Issanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"10049","key":"pone.0261155.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1081","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30579-7","article-title":"The global burden of viral hepatitis from 1990 to 2013: findings from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013","volume":"388","author":"JD Stanaway","year":"2016","journal-title":"The Lancet"},{"article-title":"The 2016 global status report on blood safety and availability","year":"2017","author":"WH Organization","key":"pone.0261155.ref002"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0261155.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"579","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cld.2017.03.012","article-title":"Economic burden of hepatitis C infection","volume":"21","author":"M Stepanova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clinics in liver disease"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0261155.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/jvh.12482","article-title":"Annual economic burden of hepatitis B virus\u2010related diseases among hospitalized patients in twelve cities in China","volume":"23","author":"S Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of viral hepatitis"},{"journal-title":"Kazakhstan: Health system review","year":"2012","author":"A Katsaga","key":"pone.0261155.ref005"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261155.ref006","first-page":"156","article-title":"Epidemiological Aspects of Hepatitis B and C Markers in Blood Donors in Kazakhstan; 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