{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:01:36Z","timestamp":1787022096335,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":93,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100015396","name":"Thailand Center of Excellence for Life Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100015396","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007275","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology, Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007275","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002873","name":"Chulalongkorn University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Fundamental Fund 2565"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Fundamental Fund 2565"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002873","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004704","name":"National Research Council of Thailand","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["NRCT5-RGJ63001 and NRCT-N41A640076"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRCT5-RGJ63001 and NRCT-N41A640076"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004704","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002873","name":"Chulalongkorn University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Rachadapisek Sompote Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Rachadapisek Sompote Fund for Postdoctoral Fellowship"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002873","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Because of a possible impact of capsaicin in the high concentrations on enterocyte injury (cytotoxicity) and bactericidal activity on probiotics,\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    L34 (L34) and\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    GG (LGG), the probiotics derived from Thai and Caucasian population, respectively, were tested in the chili-extract administered C57BL\/6 mice and\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    experiments. In comparison with placebo, 2 weeks administration of the extract from Thai chili in mice caused loose feces and induced intestinal permeability defect as indicated by FITC-dextran assay and the reduction in tight junction molecules (occludin and zona occludens-1) using fluorescent staining and gene expression by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Additionally, the chili extracts also induced the translocation of gut pathogen molecules; lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and (1\u21923)-\u03b2-\n                    <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>\n                    -glucan (BG) and fecal dysbiosis (microbiome analysis), including reduced Firmicutes, increased Bacteroides, and enhanced total Gram-negative bacteria in feces. Both L34 and LGG attenuated gut barrier defect (FITC-dextran, the fluorescent staining and gene expression of tight junction molecules) but not improved fecal consistency. Additionally, high concentrations of capsaicin (0.02\u20132 mM) damage enterocytes (Caco-2 and HT-29) as indicated by cell viability test, supernatant cytokine (IL-8), transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) and transepithelial FITC-dextran (4.4 kDa) but were attenuated by\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    condition media (LCM) from both probiotic-strains. The 24 h incubation with 2 mM capsaicin (but not the lower concentrations) reduced the abundance of LGG (but not L34) implying a higher capsaicin tolerance of L34. However,\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic>\n                    fecal abundance, using qRT-PCR, of L34 or LGG after 3, 7, and 20 days of the administration in the Thai healthy volunteers demonstrated the similarity between both strains. In conclusion, high dose chili extracts impaired gut permeability and induced gut dysbiosis but were attenuated by probiotics. Despite a better capsaicin tolerance of L34 compared with LGG\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , L34 abundance in feces was not different to LGG in the healthy volunteers. More studies on probiotics with a higher intake of chili in human are interesting.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261189","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T13:44:56Z","timestamp":1640267096000},"page":"e0261189","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["Lactobacillus rhamnosus attenuates Thai chili extracts induced gut inflammation and dysbiosis despite capsaicin bactericidal effect against the probiotics, a possible toxicity of high dose capsaicin"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Wimonrat","family":"Panpetch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peerapat","family":"Visitchanakun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wilasinee","family":"Saisorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ajcharaporn","family":"Sawatpanich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Piraya","family":"Chatthanathon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naraporn","family":"Somboonna","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Somying","family":"Tumwasorn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5566-6403","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Asada","family":"Leelahavanichkul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"issue":"40","key":"pone.0261189.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6254","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v11.i40.6254","article-title":"Capsaicin-induced 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