{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T12:38:56Z","timestamp":1787315936386,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640131200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fundamentals Department of Air Force Engineering University"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In the past year, the global epidemic situation is still not optimistic, showing a trend of continuous expansion. With the research and application of vaccines, there is an urgent need to develop some optimal vaccination strategies. How to make a reasonable vaccination strategy to determine the priority of vaccination under the limited vaccine resources to control the epidemic and reduce human casualties? We build a dynamic model with vaccination which is extended the classical SEIR model. By fitting the epidemic data of three countries\u2014China, Brazil, Indonesia, we have evaluated age-specific vaccination strategy for the number of infections and deaths. Furthermore, we have evaluated the impact of age-specific vaccination strategies on the number of the basic reproduction number. At last, we also have evaluated the different age structure of the vaccination priority. It shows that giving priority to vaccination of young people can control the number of infections, while giving priority to vaccination of the elderly can greatly reduce the number of deaths in most cases. Furthermore, we have found that young people should be mainly vaccinated to reduce the number of infections. When the emphasis is on reducing the number of deaths, it is important to focus vaccination on the elderly. Simulations suggest that appropriate age-specific vaccination strategies can effectively control the epidemic, both in terms of the number of infections and deaths.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261236","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T13:25:08Z","timestamp":1640179508000},"page":"e0261236","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Assessing vaccination priorities for different ages and age-specific vaccination strategies of COVID-19 using an SEIR modelling approach"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5801-7006","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yali","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0261236.ref001","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Coronavirus, 2020. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/health-topics\/coronavirus"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organization (WHO). Situation Report. Available online: https:\/\/www.who.int\/docs\/default\/source\/coronaviruse\/situation-reports\/20200123-sitrep-3-2019-ncov.pdf."},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-020-00893-4","article-title":"Deploying Biomolecules as Anti-COVID-19 Agents","volume":"60","author":"S Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12088-020-00908-0","article-title":"Diet, Gut Microbiota and COVID-19","volume":"60","author":"P Rishi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Indian Journal of Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref005","unstructured":"Corum J, Grady D, Wee SL, Zimmer C. Coronavirus Vaccine Tracker. Online, 2020 (accessed December28, 2020). https:\/\/flowingdata.com\/2020\/06\/10\/vaccine-tracker\/"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020462","article-title":"Estimation of the transmission risk of 2019-nCov and its implication for public health interventions","volume":"9","author":"B Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref007","first-page":"248","article-title":"An updated estimation of the risk of transmission of the novel coronavirus (2019-nCov)","volume":"5","author":"B Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Dis Mod"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109883","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.109883","article-title":"Optimal policies for control of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak\u2014ScienceDirect","volume":"136","author":"A Ay","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos, Solitons & Fractals"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-19798-3","article-title":"Mathematical modeling of COVID-19 in 14.8 million individuals in Bahia, Brazil","volume":"12","author":"J Oliveira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125963","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physa.2021.125963","article-title":"Epidemics. the Ising-model and percolation theory: A comprehensive review focused on Covid-19","volume":"573","author":"Souza MD","year":"2021","journal-title":"Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3913","DOI":"10.1007\/s10489-020-01770-9","article-title":"A review of mathematical modeling, artificial intelligence and datasets used in the study, prediction and management of COVID-19","volume":"50","author":"Y Mohamadou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Applied Intelligence"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref012","first-page":"15","article-title":"Gender in the time of COVID-19: Evaluating national leadership and COVID-19 fatalities","author":"LC Windsor","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLOS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E388","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9020388","article-title":"Estimating the Unreported Number of Novel Coronavirus 2019-nCoV Cases in China in the First Half of January 2020: a Data-Driven Modelling Analysis of the Early Outbreak","volume":"9","author":"S Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30457-6","article-title":"Effectiveness of isolation, testing, contact tracing, and physical distancing on reducing transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in different settings: a mathematical modelling study","volume":"20","author":"A Kucharski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24575","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014385117","article-title":"Local lockdowns outperform global lockdown on the far side of the COVID-19 epidemic curve","volume":"117","author":"VA Karatayeva","year":"2020","journal-title":"PNAS"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-020-2405-7","article-title":"Estimating the effects of non-pharmaceutical interventions on COVID-19 in Europe","volume":"584","author":"S Flaxman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"288","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2020.03.018","article-title":"The effectiveness of quarantine and isolation determine the trend of the COVID-19 epidemics in the final phase of the current outbreak in China","volume":"95","author":"B Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro1845","article-title":"Mathematical models of infectious disease transmission","volume":"6","author":"NC Grassly","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature Reviews Microbiology"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref019","article-title":"Effects of medical resource capacities and intensities of public mitigation measures on outcomes of COVID-19 outbreaks","volume":"21605","author":"X Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Public Health"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1264","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(20)30308-9","article-title":"Routine childhood immunisation during the COVID-19 pandemic in Africa: a benefit-risk analysis of health benefits versus excess risk of SARS-CoV-2","volume":"8","author":"K Abbas","year":"2020","journal-title":"infection. Lancet Glob Health"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2021.02.056","article-title":"Projected COVID-19 epidemic in the United States in the context of the effectiveness of a potential vaccine and implications for social distancing and face mask use","volume":"39","author":"M Shen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe6959","article-title":"Model-informed COVID-19 vaccine prioritization strategies by age and serostatus","volume":"371","author":"KM Bubar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1097","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(21)00057-8","article-title":"Prioritising COVID-19 vaccination in changing social and epidemiological landscapes: a mathematical modelling study","volume":"21","author":"PC Jentsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabf1374","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.abf1374","article-title":"Vaccine optimization for COVID-19, who to vaccinate first?","volume":"7","author":"L Matrajt","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Adv"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref025","first-page":"362","article-title":"On the effect of age on the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in households, schools and the community","volume":"3","author":"E Goldstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0962-9","article-title":"Age dependent effects in the transmission and control of COVID-19 epidemics","volume":"26","author":"N Davies","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1481","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abb8001","article-title":"Changes in contact patterns shape the dynamics of the COVID-19 outbreak in China","volume":"368","author":"J Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eabe8372","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abe8372","article-title":"Age groups that sustain resurging COVID-19 epidemics in the United States","volume":"371","author":"M Monod","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20200261","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2020.0261","article-title":"The impact of school reopening on the spread ofCOVID-19 in England","volume":"376","author":"M Keeling","year":"2021","journal-title":"Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110574","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chaos.2020.110574","article-title":"Global stability analysis of the role of multi-therapies and non-pharmaceutical treatment protocols for COVID-19 pandemic","volume":"143","author":"BE Bassey","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chaos, Solitons & Fractals"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref031","unstructured":"Population Pyramids of the World from 1950 to 2010. http:\/\/www.PopulationPyramid.net."},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/S0025-5564(02)00108-6","article-title":"Reproduction numbers and sub-threshold endemic equilibria for compartmental models of disease transmission","volume":"180","author":"P Driessche","year":"2020","journal-title":"Math Biosci"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1009098","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pcbi.1009098","article-title":"Projecting contact matrices in 177 geographical regions: an update and comparison with empirical data for the COVID-19 era","volume":"17","author":"K Prem","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plos Comput Biol"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref034","unstructured":"https:\/\/github.com\/CSSEGISandData."},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref035","first-page":"139","article-title":"An update on the epidemiological characteristics of novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19)","volume":"41","author":"Special Expert Group for Control of the Epidemic of Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia of the Chinese Preventive Medicine Association","year":"2020","journal-title":"Zhonghua Liu Xing Bing Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30257-7","article-title":"Likelihood of survival of coronavirus disease 2019","volume":"20","author":"S Ruan","year":"2020","journal-title":"The Lancet Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.46234\/ccdcw2020.032","article-title":"The epidemiological characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19)-China, 2020","volume":"2","author":"The Novel Coronavirus Pneumonia Emergency Response Epidemiology Team","year":"2020","journal-title":"China CDC Weekly"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref038","unstructured":"WHO. Report of the WHO-China Joint Mission on coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). February 28, 2020. https:\/\/www.who.int\/publications-detail\/report-of-the-who-china-joint-mission-on-coronavirus-disease-2019-(covid-19) (accessed March 25, 2020)."},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(20)30243-7","article-title":"Estimates of the severity of coronavirus disease 2019: a model based analysis","volume":"20","author":"R Verity","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-021-06078-8","article-title":"Estimating Asymptomatic and Undetected Cases in the COVID-19 Outbreak in Wuhan: a mathematical modeling study","volume":"21","author":"X Huo","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMC Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref041","unstructured":"List of World\u2019s populations. Available from: https:\/\/wapbaike.baidu.com\/item\/"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref042","first-page":"1","article-title":"Modeling the Control of COVID-19: Impact of Policy Interventions and Meteorological Factors","volume":"23","author":"J Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Electronic Journal of Differential Equations"},{"key":"pone.0261236.ref043","article-title":"The advisory committee on immunization practices updated interim recommendation for allocation of COVID-19 vaccine\u2014United States, December 2020","volume":"5152","author":"K Dooling","year":"2020","journal-title":"MMWR"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0261236","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]],"date-time":"2021-12-22T13:25:58Z","timestamp":1640179558000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0261236"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Sanjay Kumar Singh","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]},"references-count":43,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0261236","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,22]]}}}