{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T23:19:29Z","timestamp":1790810369308,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":30,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In order to investigate the effect of pre-loading damage on the structural performance of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) strengthened Reinforced Concrete (R.C.) beams, experimental and Finite Element Modelling (FEM) investigation was carried out on six R.C. beams. Five of the R.C. beams were damaged up to different levels of strain in the main steel bars before Flexure CFRP strengthening. One of the R.C. beams loaded up to failure and was kept as a control beam for comparison. The experimental results showed that the failure mode of the CFRP strengthened specimen was controlled by CFRP debonding followed by concrete crushing; however, the control beam failed in concrete crushing after yielding the steel bars, which is a ductile failure. The CFRP sheet increases the strength and initial stiffness of the R.C. beams and reduces ductility and toughness. Also, CFRP application increases the first crack and yielding steel bars load by 87.4% and 34.4%, respectively. Furthermore, the pre-damage level does not influence the strength and ductility of the strengthened R.C. beams except for the highest damage levels, which experienced a slight decrease in load capacity and ductility. However, the initial stiffness decreases with increasing pre-damage levels by 40%.<\/jats:p><jats:p>Design guideline ACI 440.2R (2004) predicts the ultimate load capacity marvelously for externally bonded Fiber-Reinforced Polymer (FRP) beams compared to the experimental maximum load capacity. The excellent agreement between experimental and FEM results indicates that the constitutive models used for concrete and reinforcement and the cohesive interface model can well capture fracture behavior. However, The FEM analysis predicts the beam to be slightly stiffer and more robust, probably because of the assumed perfect bond between concrete and reinforcement. The developed FEM can be used for further parametric study.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261290","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]],"date-time":"2021-12-30T18:29:05Z","timestamp":1640888945000},"page":"e0261290","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The effect of different levels of pre-damage loading on the strength and structural behavior of CFRP strengthened R.C. beams: Experimental and analytical investigation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2573-1638","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Brwa Hamah Saeed","family":"Hamah-Ali","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Raouf Abdul","family":"Qadir","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0261290.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2012.07.021","article-title":"Assessment of effectiveness of CFRP repaired RC beams under different damage levels based on flexural stiffness.","volume":"37","author":"MM Fayyadh","year":"2012","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater"},{"key":"pone.0261290.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conbuildmat.2006.01.008","article-title":"Damaged RC beams repaired by bonding of CFRP laminates.","volume":"21","author":"O Benjeddou","year":"2007","journal-title":"Constr Build Mater."},{"key":"pone.0261290.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0263-8223(03)00156-9","article-title":"Structural repair and strengthening of damaged 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