{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,14]],"date-time":"2026-07-14T13:49:58Z","timestamp":1784036998859,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"national research foundation of korea","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["2018R1D1A1B07049719"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2018R1D1A1B07049719"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"name":"chonnam national university hospital biomedical research institute","award":["CRI 16027-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CRI 16027-1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The aim of this study is to evaluate upper airway changes three-dimensionally following rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and compare the changes with matched controls.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Seventeen patients (mean age 12.6 \u00b1 1.8 years) with maxillary transverse deficiency were treated with RME. Using the propensity score matching method, 17 patients (mean age 12.3 \u00b1 1.5 years) were selected from a non-RME control group of 33. Case-control matching was performed based on 5 covariates: age, gender, CBCT scan interval, sagittal skeletal pattern, and tongue posture. Airway volumes of nasopharynx and<jats:underline>oropharynx<\/jats:underline>and minimum cross-sectional areas (MCA) of oropharynx were measured and compared between the case and control groups in CBCT scan images.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the case group, significant increases from before to after RME were found in all measurements except MCA of the retroglossal segment of oropharynx. Before treatment, there were no significant differences between case group and control group. While comparing the case group with the control group after treatment showed overall greater increases in the case group. In particular, MCA of retropalatal segment showed statistically significant differences.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results of this study indicate that RME causes an increase in upper airway dimensions.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]],"date-time":"2021-12-23T18:28:27Z","timestamp":1640284107000},"page":"e0261579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Three-dimensional evaluation of upper airway changes following rapid maxillary expansion: A retrospective comparison with propensity score matched controls"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4505-5035","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hussein","family":"Aljawad","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyung-Min","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0795-8305","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hoi-Jeong","family":"Lim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0261579.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sleep.2014.11.019","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion outcomes in treatment of obstructive sleep apnea in children.","volume":"16","author":"MP Villa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sleep Med"},{"key":"pone.0261579.ref002","first-page":"290964","article-title":"Changes in the upper and lower pharyngeal airway spaces associated with rapid maxillary expansion","author":"F Aloufi","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Dent"},{"key":"pone.0261579.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.08.025","article-title":"Improvement of nasal airway ventilation after rapid maxillary expansion evaluated with computational fluid dynamics","volume":"141","author":"T Iwasaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"pone.0261579.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"385","DOI":"10.2500\/ajr.2006.20.2881","article-title":"Nasal airway measurements in children treated by rapid maxillary expansion.","volume":"20","author":"GC Compadretti","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am J Rhinology"},{"key":"pone.0261579.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1002\/lary.26352","article-title":"Rapid maxillary expansion for pediatric obstructive sleep apnea: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"127","author":"M Camacho","year":"2017","journal-title":"Laryngoscope"},{"key":"pone.0261579.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2011.12.017","article-title":"Three-dimensional computed tomography analysis of airway volume changes after rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"141","author":"T Smith","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"pone.0261579.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2012.11.019","article-title":"Dimensional changes of upper airway after rapid maxillary expansion: a prospective cone-beam computed tomography study","volume":"143","author":"Y Chang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am J Orthod Dentofacial Orthop"},{"key":"pone.0261579.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1805","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijporl.2013.07.028","article-title":"A prospective CBCT study of upper airway changes after rapid maxillary expansion","volume":"77","author":"J Zeng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Pediat Otorhinolaryngol"},{"key":"pone.0261579.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.2319\/030411-157.1","article-title":"Upper airway expansion after rapid maxillary expansion evaluated with cone beam computed tomography","volume":"82","author":"AN Ribeiro","year":"2012","journal-title":"Angle Orthod"},{"key":"pone.0261579.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.2319\/072014-504.1","article-title":"Airway compartments volume and oxygen saturation changes after rapid maxillary expansion. 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