{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,17]],"date-time":"2026-01-17T20:29:17Z","timestamp":1768681757152,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":91,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642032000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/publicdomain\/zero\/1.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Results from sampling healthcare surfaces for pathogens are difficult to interpret without understanding the factors that influence pathogen detection. We investigated the recovery of four healthcare-associated pathogens from three common surface materials, and how a body fluid simulant (artificial test soil, ATS), deposition method, and contamination levels influence the percent of organisms recovered (%R). Known quantities of carbapenemase-producing KPC+ <jats:italic>Klebsiella pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> (KPC), <jats:italic>Acinetobacter baumannii<\/jats:italic>, vancomycin-resistant <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Clostridioides difficile<\/jats:italic> spores (CD) were suspended in Butterfield\u2019s buffer or ATS, deposited on 323cm<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> steel, plastic, and laminate surfaces, allowed to dry 1h, then sampled with a cellulose sponge wipe. Bacteria were eluted, cultured, CFU counted and %R determined relative to the inoculum. The %R varied by organism, from &lt;1% (KPC) to almost 60% (CD) and was more dependent upon the organism\u2019s characteristics and presence of ATS than on surface type. KPC persistence as determined by culture also declined by &gt;1 log<jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub> within the 60 min drying time. For all organisms, the %R was significantly greater if suspended in ATS than if suspended in Butterfield\u2019s buffer (p&lt;0.05), and for most organisms the %R was not significantly different when sampled from any of the three surfaces. Organisms deposited in multiple droplets were recovered at equal or higher %R than if spread evenly on the surface. This work assists in interpreting data collected while investigating a healthcare infection outbreak or while conducting infection intervention studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0261588","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T19:24:04Z","timestamp":1642101844000},"page":"e0261588","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Factors influencing environmental sampling recovery of healthcare pathogens from non-porous surfaces with cellulose sponges"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1428-6594","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Laura J.","family":"Rose","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hollis","family":"Houston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marla","family":"Martinez-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4312-2481","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Amanda K.","family":"Lyons","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carrie","family":"Whitworth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sujan C.","family":"Reddy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5090-5025","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Judith","family":"Noble-Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0261588.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhin.2003.10.017","article-title":"Role of environmental cleaning in controlling an outbreak of Acinetobacter baumannii on a neurosurgical intensive care unit","volume":"56","author":"M Denton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Hospital Infection"},{"issue":"09","key":"pone.0261588.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.2307\/30141488","article-title":"Environmental contamination due to methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus possible infection control implications.","volume":"18","author":"JM Boyce","year":"1997","journal-title":"Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology."},{"issue":"07","key":"pone.0261588.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1086\/660363","article-title":"The role played by contaminated surfaces in the transmission of nosocomial pathogens.","volume":"32","author":"JA Otter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0261588.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajic.2010.04.196","article-title":"Role of hospital surfaces in the transmission of emerging health care-associated pathogens: norovirus, Clostridium difficile, and Acinetobacter species.","volume":"38","author":"DJ Weber","year":"2010","journal-title":"American journal of infection control"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0261588.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1086\/675606","article-title":"Extended survival of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae on dry surfaces.","volume":"35","author":"NL Havill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infection control and hospital epidemiology."},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0261588.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1394","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.6.1394-1397.1997","article-title":"Survival of Acinetobacter baumannii on dry surfaces","volume":"35","author":"C Wendt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0261588.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3734","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.36.12.3734-3736.1998","article-title":"Survival of vancomycin-resistant and vancomycin-susceptible enterococci on dry surfaces","volume":"36","author":"C Wendt","year":"1998","journal-title":"Journal of clinical microbiology"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0261588.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2334-6-130","article-title":"How long do nosocomial pathogens persist on inanimate surfaces? 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