{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T01:30:59Z","timestamp":1778290259305,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1640908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Boustead Plantations Berhad","award":["RB-2015-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RB-2015-002"]}]},{"name":"Kuala Lumpur Kepong Berhad","award":["RB-2015-002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RB-2015-002"]}]},{"name":"Centre for Research and Instrumentation Management (CRIM), UKM","award":["PIP-CRIM"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PIP-CRIM"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Various phenolic compounds have been screened against <jats:italic>Ganoderma boninense<\/jats:italic>, the fungal pathogen causing basal stem rot in oil palms. In this study, we focused on the effects of salicylic acid (SA) on the growth of three <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>boninense<\/jats:italic> isolates with different levels of aggressiveness. In addition, study on untargeted metabolite profiling was conducted to investigate the metabolomic responses of <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>boninense<\/jats:italic> towards salicylic acid. The inhibitory effects of salicylic acid were both concentration- (<jats:italic>P &lt; 0<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>001<\/jats:italic>) and isolate-dependent (<jats:italic>P &lt; 0<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>001<\/jats:italic>). Also, growth-promoting effect was observed in one of the isolates at low concentrations of salicylic acid where it could have been utilized by <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>boninense<\/jats:italic> as a source of carbon and energy. Besides, adaptation towards salicylic acid treatment was evident in this study for all isolates, particularly at high concentrations. In other words, inhibitory effect of salicylic acid treatment on the fungal growth declined over time. In terms of metabolomics response to salicylic acid treatment, <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>boninense<\/jats:italic> produced several metabolites such as coumarin and azatyrosine, which suggests that salicylic acid modulates the developmental switch in <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>boninense<\/jats:italic> towards the defense mode for its survival. Furthermore, the liquid chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-TOF-MS) analysis showed that the growth of <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>boninense<\/jats:italic> on potato dextrose agar involved at least four metabolic pathways: amino acid metabolism, lipid pathway, tryptophan pathway and phenylalanine pathway. Overall, there were 17 metabolites that contributed to treatment separation, each with <jats:italic>P&lt;0<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>005<\/jats:italic>. The release of several antimicrobial metabolites such as eudistomin I may enhance <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>boninense<\/jats:italic>\u2019s competitiveness against other microorganisms during colonisation. Our findings demonstrated the metabolic versatility of <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>boninense<\/jats:italic> towards changes in carbon sources and stress factors. <jats:italic>G<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>boninense<\/jats:italic> was shown to be capable of responding to salicylic acid treatment by switching its developmental stage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262029","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]],"date-time":"2021-12-31T18:30:26Z","timestamp":1640975426000},"page":"e0262029","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Growth modulation and metabolic responses of Ganoderma boninense to salicylic acid stress"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"16","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2154-7139","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Cu Ean","family":"Ong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rafidah","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"You Keng","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kamalrul Azlan","family":"Azizan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Syarul Nataqain","family":"Baharum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kah Joo","family":"Goh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,12,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0262029.ref001","first-page":"399","volume-title":"The Oil Palm","author":"R Corley","year":"2016","edition":"5"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0262029.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"982","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3059.2009.02100.x","article-title":"Basal stem rot of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis); Mode of root infection and lower stem invasion by Ganoderma boninense.","volume":"58","author":"RW Rees","year":"2009","journal-title":"Plant Pathol"},{"key":"pone.0262029.ref003","first-page":"393","volume-title":"Fungal Biotechnology in Agriculture, Food, and Environmental Applications","author":"G Ward","year":"2004"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0262029.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cropro.2006.11.009","article-title":"Ganoderma disease of oil palm-A white rot perspective necessary for integrated control","volume":"26","author":"RRM Paterson","year":"2007","journal-title":"Crop Prot"},{"key":"pone.0262029.ref005","first-page":"515","article-title":"Ganoderma boninense in oil palm plantations: current thinking on epidemiology, resistance and pathology.","volume":"87","author":"RM Cooper","year":"2011","journal-title":"Plant"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0262029.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.3923\/ajps.2005.438.444","article-title":"Gas Exchange Responses of Oil Palm to Ganoderma boninense Infection","volume":"4","author":"M Haniff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Asian J Plant Sci"},{"key":"pone.0262029.ref007","volume-title":"Oil Palm Diseases and Disorders","author":"P. 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