{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T07:22:09Z","timestamp":1792221729126,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641513600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006522","name":"bundesanstalt f\u00fcr arbeitsschutz und arbeitsmedizin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["F 2409"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["F 2409"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006522","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006254","name":"Ruhr-Universit\u00e4t Bochum","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006254","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Night and shift work are suspected to cause various adverse effects on health and sleep. Sleep deprivation through shift work is assumed to be compensated on free days. So far it is not clear how different shift systems and shift lengths affect sleep structure on work and free days. Especially working night shifts disrupts the circadian rhythm but also extended working hours (12h) might affect sleep characteristics. Hitherto, the magnitude of sleep debt, social jetlag, and Locomotor Inactivity During Sleep (LIDS) in different shift systems is unknown.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Here, we investigated the impact of five different shift rosters on sleep in 129 industrial workers from Germany. Permanent night work with multiple shift systems with and without night shifts and with different shift lengths were compared. Wrist-activity was monitored over 28 days revealing sleep on- and offsets as well as LIDS as proxy for sleep quality. Overall, 3,865 sleep bouts comprising 22,310 hours of sleep were examined.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The mean daily age-adjusted sleep duration (including naps) was 6:43h and did not differ between shift workers of different rosters. However, sleep duration on workdays was particularly low in rotational shift systems with 12h-shifts (5:00h), while overall sleep debt was highest. Shift workers showed a median absolute social jetlag of 3:03h, which differed considerably between shift types and rosters (p&lt;0.0001). Permanent night workers had the highest social jetlag (5:08h) and latest mid-sleeps on workdays and free days. Sleep quality was reduced in permanent night shift workers compared with shift workers in other rosters and differed between daytime and nighttime sleep.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Shift work leads to partial sleep deprivation, which particularly affects workers in 12h-shifts and permanent night shifts. Working these shifts resulted in higher sleep debts and larger absolute social jetlag whereas sleep quality was especially reduced in permanent night shift workers compared with shift workers of other rosters.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262049","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]],"date-time":"2022-01-07T18:28:48Z","timestamp":1641580128000},"page":"e0262049","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Social jetlag and sleep debts are altered in different rosters of night shift work"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0148-8859","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Swaantje","family":"Casjens","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Frank","family":"Brenscheidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Tisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beate","family":"Beermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Br\u00fcning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Behrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Rabstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0262049.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"i5210","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.i5210","article-title":"Health consequences of shift work and insufficient sleep","volume":"355","author":"G Kecklund","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"pone.0262049.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2012.02.002","article-title":"Shift work and the assessment and management of shift work disorder (SWD).","volume":"17","author":"KP Wright","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sleep Med Rev"},{"key":"pone.0262049.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1093\/sleep\/23.2.1b","article-title":"Differential effects of permanent and rotating shifts on self-report sleep length: a meta-analytic review","volume":"23","author":"JJ Pilcher","year":"2000","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"pone.0262049.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.2900","article-title":"Shift work, sleep, and sleepiness\u2014differences between shift schedules and systems","volume":"36","author":"M Sallinen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"pone.0262049.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.5271\/sjweh.3885","article-title":"The effects of the number of consecutive night shifts on sleep duration and quality.","volume":"46","author":"AH Garde","year":"2020","journal-title":"Scand J Work Environ Health"},{"key":"pone.0262049.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1177\/0748730412475042","article-title":"Chronotype modulates sleep duration, sleep quality, and social jet lag in shift-workers","volume":"28","author":"M Juda","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Biol Rhythms"},{"key":"pone.0262049.ref007","first-page":"1","article-title":"Impact of shift work schedules on actigraphy-based measures of sleep in Hispanic workers: results from the Hispanic Community Health Study\/Study of Latinos ancillary Sue\u00f1o study","volume":"41","author":"KJ Reid","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sleep"},{"key":"pone.0262049.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2015.1052020","article-title":"Systematic review of the relationship between quick returns in rotating shift work and health-related outcomes","volume":"59","author":"\u00d8 Vedaa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ergonomics"},{"key":"pone.0262049.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smrv.2011.11.001","article-title":"12-h or 8-h shifts? 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