{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,25]],"date-time":"2026-03-25T12:45:51Z","timestamp":1774442751250,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R34DA034855"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R34DA034855"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Social relationships play a key role in both substance use and homelessness. Transitioning out of homelessness often requires reduction in substance use as well as changes in social networks. A social network-based behavior change intervention that targets changes personal social networks may assist the transition out of homelessness. Most behavior change interventions that incorporate social networks assume a static network. However, people experiencing homelessness who transition into housing programs that use a harm reduction approach experience many changes in their social networks during this transition. Changes may include disconnecting from street-based network contacts, re-connecting with former network contacts, and exposure to new network members who actively engage in substance use. An intervention that helps people transitioning out of homelessness make positive alterations to their social networks may compliment traditional harm reduction housing program services.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We conducted a pilot randomized controlled trial (RCT) of an innovative Social Network Intervention (MI-SNI), which combines network visualization and Motivational Interviewing to assist adults transitioning out of homelessness. The MI-SNI provides feedback to new residents about their social environments and is designed to motivate residents to make positive changes in both their individual behavior and their personal network. In a sample of 41 adult housing program residents with past year risky substance use, we examined whether participants randomized to receive a MI-SNI showed greater changes in their personal networks over 3 months compared to those receiving usual care.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There were significant differences in the networks of the MI-SNI group compared to the group receiving usual care at follow-up, controlling for baseline network characteristics. The MI-SNI group had greater reductions in the proportion of their network members who influenced alcohol or other drug use (AOD) use, such as drinking partners, and more frequently changed their relationships in the direction of lower AOD risk with network members who were retained in their networks across waves.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This study is the first pilot test of a MI-SNI customized for assisting the transition out of homelessness to test for personal network changes. Results indicate that MI-SNIs can have a positive impact on short-term network changes and thus may serve as a useful adjunct to behavioral change interventions. These findings suggest that a MI-SNI approach may help individuals experiencing homelessness and risky AOD use positively restructure their social networks while transitioning into supportive housing. These promising results suggest the need for a larger RCT test of this innovative intervention approach.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Trial registration<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: <jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT02140359\" xlink:type=\"simple\">NCT02140359<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262210","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T19:01:08Z","timestamp":1642791668000},"page":"e0262210","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Restructuring personal networks with a Motivational Interviewing social network intervention to assist the transition out of homelessness: A randomized control pilot study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7742-1792","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"David P.","family":"Kennedy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Karen Chan","family":"Osilla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Hunter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Golinelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ervant","family":"Maksabedian Hernandez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Joan S.","family":"Tucker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0262210.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.soc.34.040507.134601","article-title":"Social networks and health","volume":"34","author":"KP Smith","year":"2008","journal-title":"Annual Review of Sociology"},{"key":"pone.0262210.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780195301014.001.0001","volume-title":"Social Networks and Health. Models, Methods, and Applications","author":"TW Valente","year":"2010"},{"key":"pone.0262210.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.publhealth.28.021406.144132","article-title":"Network analysis in public health: History, methods, and applications","volume":"28","author":"DA Luke","year":"2007","journal-title":"Annual Review of Public Health"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0262210.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pmed.0050225","article-title":"The Prevalence of Mental Disorders among the Homeless in Western Countries: Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis","volume":"5","author":"S Fazel","year":"2008","journal-title":"PLoS medicine"},{"issue":"9784","key":"pone.0262210.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60885-4","article-title":"Extreme health inequalities: mortality in homeless people","volume":"377","author":"JR Geddes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262210.ref006","first-page":"229","article-title":"Homelessness and health","volume":"164","author":"SW Hwang","year":"2001","journal-title":"CMAJ: Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0262210.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.7326\/0003-4819-152-7-201004060-00007","article-title":"The spread of alcohol consumption behavior in a large social network","volume":"152","author":"JN Rosenquist","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annals of Internal Medicine"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0262210.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"914","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.43.11.914","article-title":"Possible effects of reference group-based social influence on AIDS risk behavior and AIDS prevention","volume":"43","author":"JD Fisher","year":"1988","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0262210.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0376-8716(94)01082-V","article-title":"Using social network analysis to study patterns of drug use among urban drug users at high risk for HIV\/AIDS","volume":"38","author":"C Latkin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0262210.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0277-9536(00)00065-4","article-title":"From social integration to health: Durkheim in the new millennium","volume":"51","author":"LF Berkman","year":"2000","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0262210.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S167","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-007-9277-9","article-title":"HIV, homelessness, and public health: Critical issues and a call for increased action","volume":"11","author":"RJ Wolitski","year":"2007","journal-title":"Aids and Behavior"},{"issue":"2\u20133","key":"pone.0262210.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.011","article-title":"The social context of homeless men\u2019s substance use","volume":"118","author":"H Rhoades","year":"2011","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"1\u20132","key":"pone.0262210.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2009.05.026","article-title":"The social context of homeless women\u2019s alcohol and drug use","volume":"105","author":"SL Wenzel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262210.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.17730\/humo.68.2.m23375u1kn033518","article-title":"Homeless women\u2019s personal networks: Implications for understanding risk behavior","volume":"68","author":"JS Tucker","year":"2009","journal-title":"Human Organization"},{"key":"pone.0262210.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2018.06.027","article-title":"Social networks and substance use after transitioning into permanent supportive housing","volume":"191","author":"H Rhoades","year":"2018","journal-title":"Drug and Alcohol Dependence"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0262210.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"274","DOI":"10.1002\/jcop.20431","article-title":"Social support and social network ties among the homeless in a downtown Atlanta park","volume":"39","author":"DC Reitzes","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Community Psychology"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0262210.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1177\/0891241610390365","article-title":"Helping Friends and the Homeless Milieu: Social Capital and the Utility of Street Peers","volume":"40","author":"T. Stablein","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Contemporary Ethnography"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262210.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0033-0124.1993.00159.x","article-title":"Daily and periodic mobility patterns of the urban homeless","volume":"45","author":"JR Wolch","year":"1993","journal-title":"Professional Geographer"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0262210.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.06.019","article-title":"Disappearing acts: the social networks of formerly homeless individuals with co-occurring disorders","volume":"65","author":"RL Hawkins","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0262210.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1935","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2008.09.008","article-title":"Social assets and mental distress among the homeless: Exploring the roles of social support and other forms of social capital on depression","volume":"67","author":"J Irwin","year":"2008","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0262210.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11524-009-9388-x","article-title":"Multidimensional Social Support and the Health of Homeless Individuals","volume":"86","author":"SW Hwang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Urban Health: Bulletin of the New York Academy of Medicine"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0262210.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2005.06.017","article-title":"Interventions to improve the health of the homeless\u2014A systematic review","volume":"29","author":"SW Hwang","year":"2005","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0262210.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1177\/0002764207311990","article-title":"Homeless Young Adults and Behavioral Health: An Overview","volume":"51","author":"S Zerger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am Behav Sci"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0262210.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S211","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amepre.2007.02.015","article-title":"Homelessness and drug use\u2014Evidence from a community sample","volume":"32","author":"TP Johnson","year":"2007","journal-title":"American Journal of Preventive Medicine"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0262210.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"333","DOI":"10.1037\/a0014155","article-title":"Social Relationships Among Persons Who Have Experienced Serious Mental Illness, Substance Abuse, and Homelessness: Implications for Recovery","volume":"78","author":"DK Padgett","year":"2008","journal-title":"American Journal of Orthopsychiatry"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262210.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s10597-009-9283-7","article-title":"Substance Use Outcomes Among Homeless Clients with Serious Mental Illness: Comparing Housing First with Treatment First Programs","volume":"47","author":"DK Padgett","year":"2011","journal-title":"Community Ment Health J"},{"issue":"6090","key":"pone.0262210.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1217330","article-title":"Network Interventions","volume":"337","author":"TW Valente","year":"2012","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0262210.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2018.05.004","article-title":"Strategic players for identifying optimal social network intervention subjects","volume":"55","author":"MQ Ott","year":"2018","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0262210.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1080\/08964289.2015.1034645","article-title":"Social Network Assessments and Interventions for Health Behavior Change: A Critical Review","volume":"41","author":"CA Latkin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behavioral Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0262210.ref030","article-title":"Use of social network analysis in the development, dissemination, implementation, and sustainability of health behavior interventions for adults: A systematic review","author":"RC Shelton","year":"2018","journal-title":"Social Science & Medicine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0262210.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1016\/S0306-4603(02)00300-3","article-title":"Diffusion of preventive innovations","volume":"27","author":"EM Rogers","year":"2002","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262210.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-0009.2009.00565.x","article-title":"Housing First for Homeless Persons with Active Addiction: Are We Overreaching?","volume":"87","author":"SG Kertesz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Milbank Quarterly"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0262210.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1925","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socscimed.2007.02.011","article-title":"There\u2019s no place like (a) home: Ontological security among persons with serious mental illness in the United States","volume":"64","author":"DK Padgett","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social Science and Medicine"},{"key":"pone.0262210.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2017.12.005","article-title":"A pilot test of a Motivational Interviewing social network intervention to reduce substance use among housing first residents","volume":"86","author":"DP Kennedy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"14","key":"pone.0262210.ref035","first-page":"1","article-title":"Feasibility of a computer-assisted social network motivational interviewing intervention for substance use and HIV risk behaviors for housing first residents","volume":"11","author":"KC Osilla","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction Science & Clinical Practice"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0262210.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13722-016-0052-y","article-title":"A computer-assisted motivational social network intervention to reduce alcohol, drug and HIV risk behaviors among Housing First residents","volume":"11","author":"DP Kennedy","year":"2016","journal-title":"Addiction Science & Clinical Practice"},{"key":"pone.0262210.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1017\/9781316443255","volume-title":"Egocentric Network Analysis: Foundations, Methods, and Models","author":"BL Perry","year":"2018"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0262210.ref038","article-title":"Structure in personal networks","volume":"3","author":"C. McCarty","year":"2002","journal-title":"Journal of Social Structure"},{"key":"pone.0262210.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4135\/9781473911871","volume-title":"Social Network Analysis for Ego-Nets: Social Network Analysis for Actor-Centred Networks","author":"N Crossley","year":"2015"},{"key":"pone.0262210.ref040","volume-title":"Motivational interviewing: Preparaing People for Change","author":"WR Miller","year":"2002","edition":"2"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0262210.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"527","DOI":"10.1037\/a0016830","article-title":"Toward a Theory of Motivational Interviewing","volume":"64","author":"WR Miller","year":"2009","journal-title":"American Psychologist"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262210.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1086\/676142","article-title":"The Relationship between Community Investment in Permanent Supportive Housing and Chronic Homelessness","volume":"88","author":"T Byrne","year":"2014","journal-title":"Soc Serv Rev"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0262210.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300261","article-title":"Permanent Supportive Housing: Assessing the Evidence","volume":"65","author":"DJ Rog","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262210.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1080\/15504263.2016.1174010","article-title":"Integrating Permanent Supportive Housing and Co-Occurring Disorders Treatment for Individuals Who Are Homeless","volume":"12","author":"DA Smelson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Dual Diagnosis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0262210.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2012.03.007","article-title":"A qualitative analysis of case managers\u2019 use of harm reduction in practice","volume":"44","author":"E Tiderington","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0262210.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"651","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.94.4.651","article-title":"Housing First, consumer choice, and harm reduction for homeless individuals with a dual diagnosis","volume":"94","author":"S Tsemberis","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am J Public Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262210.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1007\/s11414-012-9312-0","article-title":"Understanding the Critical Ingredients for Facilitating Consumer Change in Housing First Programming: A Case Study Approach","volume":"40","author":"DP Watson","year":"2013","journal-title":"The Journal of Behavioral Health Services & Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262210.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1093\/clipsy.8.2.133","article-title":"A Stage Model of Behavioral Therapies research: Getting started and moving on from stage I","volume":"8","author":"BJ Rounsaville","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clinical Psychology-Science and Practice"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0262210.ref049","first-page":"1842","article-title":"The AUDIT alcohol consumption questions: Reliability, validity and responsiveness to change in older male primary care patients","volume":"22","author":"KA Bradley","year":"1998","journal-title":"Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0262210.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"408","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.10.4.408","article-title":"Psychometric properties of the Drug Abuse Screening Test in psychiatric outpatients","volume":"10","author":"KM Cocco","year":"1998","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262210.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.12.2.186","article-title":"Use of the AUDIT and the DAST-10 to identify alcohol and drug use disorders among adults with a severe and persistent mental illness","volume":"12","author":"SA Maisto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Psychological Assessment"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0262210.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"363","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4603(82)90005-3","article-title":"The Drug Abuse Screening Test","volume":"7","author":"HA Skinner","year":"1982","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0262210.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0366-z","article-title":"Unprotected Sex Among Heterosexually Active Homeless Men: Results from a Multi-level Dyadic Analysis","volume":"17","author":"DP Kennedy","year":"2013","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0262210.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"960","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-009-9621-3","article-title":"Unprotected Sex of Homeless Women Living in Los Angeles County: An Investigation of the Multiple Levels of Risk","volume":"14","author":"DP Kennedy","year":"2010","journal-title":"Aids and Behavior"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0262210.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2015","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-012-0195-0","article-title":"Unprotected sex of homeless youth: Results from a multilevel analysis of individual, social network, and relationship factors","volume":"16","author":"DP Kennedy","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0262210.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2042","DOI":"10.1007\/s10461-011-0066-0","article-title":"Behavioral Health and Social Normative Influence: Correlates of Concurrent Sexual Partnering Among Heterosexually-Active Homeless Men","volume":"16","author":"S Wenzel","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS and Behavior"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0262210.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1521\/aeap.2012.24.3.270","article-title":"HIV Risk Behavior and Access to Services: What Predicts HIV Testing among Heterosexually Active Homeless Men?","volume":"24","author":"SL Wenzel","year":"2012","journal-title":"AIDS Education and Prevention"},{"key":"pone.0262210.ref058","unstructured":"Heather N, Gold R, Rollnick S. Readiness to Change questionnaire: User\u2019s manual. Kensington, Australia: National Drug and Alcohol Research Centre; 1991."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262210.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300256","article-title":"Medication-Assisted Treatment With Buprenorphine: Assessing the Evidence","volume":"65","author":"CP Thomas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"key":"pone.0262210.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1503\/cmaj.051625","article-title":"Is there another way to take account of noncompliance in randomised trials?","volume":"175","author":"CE Hewitt","year":"2006","journal-title":"Canadian Medical Association Journal"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0262210.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1177\/096228029600500302","article-title":"Handling missing data in survey research","volume":"5","author":"JM Brick","year":"1996","journal-title":"Statistical Methods in Medical Research"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0262210.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1037\/1082-989X.9.4.403","article-title":"Propensity Score Estimation With Boosted Regression for Evaluating Causal Effects in Observational Studies","volume":"9","author":"DF McCaffrey","year":"2004","journal-title":"Psychological Methods"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0262210.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3782","article-title":"Improving propensity score weighting using machine learning","volume":"29","author":"BK Lee","year":"2010","journal-title":"Statistics in medicine"},{"key":"pone.0262210.ref064","unstructured":"Ridgeway G, McCaffrey D, Morral A, Griffin BA, Burgette L. Package \u2018twang\u2019. 2016."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0262210.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.112.1.155","article-title":"A power primer","volume":"112","author":"J. Cohen","year":"1992","journal-title":"Psychological Bulletin"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0262210.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"532","DOI":"10.1037\/a0015808","article-title":"An effect size primer: A guide for clinicians and researchers","volume":"40","author":"CJ Ferguson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Professional Psychology: Research and Practice"},{"key":"pone.0262210.ref067","first-page":"290","volume-title":"An introduction to categorical data analysis","author":"A. Agresti","year":"1996"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262210.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2006.12.005","article-title":"Impact of methods for reducing respondent burden on personal network structural measures","volume":"29","author":"C McCarty","year":"2007","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0262210.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1177\/1525822X10370796","article-title":"Sampling to Reduce Respondent Burden in Personal Network Studies and Its Effect on Estimates of Structural Measures","volume":"22","author":"D Golinelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"Field Methods"},{"key":"pone.0262210.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addbeh.2019.02.021","article-title":"The accuracy of young adult cannabis users\u2019 perceptions of friends\u2019 cannabis and alcohol use","volume":"95","author":"MJ Mason","year":"2019","journal-title":"Addictive Behaviors"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0262210.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1311","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ps.201300447","article-title":"Fidelity to the Housing First Model and Effectiveness of Permanent Supported Housing Programs in California","volume":"65","author":"TP Gilmer","year":"2014","journal-title":"Psychiatric Services"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0262210.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1016\/j.socnet.2009.05.001","article-title":"Longitudinal analysis of personal networks. The case of Argentinean migrants in Spain","volume":"32","author":"MJ Lubbers","year":"2010","journal-title":"Social Networks"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0262210.ref073","first-page":"59","article-title":"Multilevel Models for Personal Networks: Methods And Applications","volume":"30","author":"R. Vacca","year":"2018","journal-title":"Statistica Applicata"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262210.ref074","first-page":"85","article-title":"The use of multilevel modeling for analysing personal networks: networks of cocaine users in an urban area","volume":"5","author":"T Snijders","year":"1995","journal-title":"Journal of Quantitative Anthropology"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0262210","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T19:02:18Z","timestamp":1642791738000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0262210"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jamie","family":"Males","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0262210","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]}}}