{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T03:46:05Z","timestamp":1792122365601,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005627","name":"Thrasher Research Fund","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Early Career Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Early Career Award"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005627","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100001949","name":"American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Postdoctoral Fellowship in Tropical Infectious Diseases"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Postdoctoral Fellowship in Tropical Infectious Diseases"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100001949","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006084","name":"Office of AIDS Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["D43 TW009337"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["D43 TW009337"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006084","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100004334","name":"Merck","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MISP #59310"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MISP #59310"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100004334","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010877","name":"ViiV Healthcare","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CIPHER grant"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CIPHER grant"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010877","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K23-AI135090"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K23-AI135090"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006967","name":"Center for AIDS Research, Duke University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30-AI064518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-AI064518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006967","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006967","name":"Center for AIDS Research, Duke University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30-AI064518"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-AI064518"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006967","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania","award":["P30-AI045008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-AI045008"]}]},{"name":"Center for AIDS Research, University of Pennsylvania","award":["P30-AI045008"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30-AI045008"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006458","name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006458","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100006458","name":"Children's Hospital of Philadelphia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100006458","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pneumococcal conjugate vaccines reduce the burden of invasive pneumococcal disease, but the sustained effect of these vaccines can be diminished by an increase in disease caused by non-vaccine serotypes. To describe pneumococcal serotype epidemiology in Botswana following introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV-13) in July 2012, we performed molecular serotyping of 268 pneumococcal strains isolated from 221 children between 2012 and 2017. The median (interquartile range) age of the children included in this analysis was 6 (3,12) months. Fifty-nine percent of the children had received at least one dose of PCV-13 and 35% were fully vaccinated with PCV-13. While colonization by vaccine serotypes steadily declined following PCV-13 introduction, 25% of strains isolated more than 3 years after vaccine introduction were PCV-13 serotypes. We also observed an increase in colonization by non-vaccine serotypes 21 and 23B, which have been associated with invasive pneumococcal disease and antibiotic resistance in other settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T13:34:40Z","timestamp":1641389680000},"page":"e0262225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Evolution of pneumococcal serotype epidemiology in Botswana following introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7867-7706","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sweta M.","family":"Patel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yazdani B.","family":"Shaik-Dasthagirisaheb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morgan","family":"Congdon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5694-5308","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rebecca R.","family":"Young","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohamed Z.","family":"Patel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiny","family":"Mazhani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sefelani","family":"Boiditswe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tirayaone","family":"Leburu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwana","family":"Lechiile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tonya","family":"Arscott-Mills","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew P.","family":"Steenhoff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kristen A.","family":"Feemster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samir S.","family":"Shah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Coleen K.","family":"Cunningham","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen I.","family":"Pelton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew S.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0262225.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1605.091223","article-title":"Effects of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine 2 years after its introduction, the Netherlands","volume":"16","author":"GD Rodenburg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0262225.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1488","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwt156","article-title":"Using Pneumococcal Carriage Data to Monitor Postvaccination Changes in Invasive Disease","volume":"178","author":"DM Weinberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"American Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"pone.0262225.ref003","unstructured":"Botswana: WHO and UNICEF estimates of immunization coverage: 2019 revision. 2019 July 2. Report No."},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0262225.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0126593","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126593","article-title":"Association of respiratory viruses with outcomes of severe childhood pneumonia in Botswana.","volume":"10","author":"MS Kelly","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0262225.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"513","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201310-351OC","article-title":"The loss of topography in the microbial communities of the upper respiratory tract in the elderly","volume":"11","author":"FJ Whelan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ann Am Thorac Soc"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262225.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.02927-12","article-title":"Sequential triplex real-time PCR assay for detecting 21 pneumococcal capsular serotypes that account for a high global disease burden","volume":"51","author":"FC Pimenta","year":"2013","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0262225.ref007","volume-title":"List of oligonucleotide primers used in 41 conventional multiplex PCR assays for pneumococcal serotype deduction of 70 serotypes","author":"S Laboratory","year":"2014"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0262225.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(07)70242-6","article-title":"The evidence for using conjugate vaccines to protect HIV-infected children against pneumococcal disease","volume":"8","author":"Bliss SJ","year":"2008","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262225.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(05)70083-9","article-title":"Epidemiological differences among pneumococcal serotypes","volume":"5","author":"WP Hausdorff","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0262225.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2020.01.062","article-title":"Impact of HIV status and vaccination schedule on bacterial nasopharyngeal carriage following infant immunisation with the pneumococcal non-typeable Haemophilus influenzae protein D conjugate vaccine in South Africa","volume":"38","author":"SA Madhi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0262225.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2222","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15786-9","article-title":"High residual carriage of vaccine-serotype Streptococcus pneumoniae after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Malawi.","volume":"11","author":"TD Swarthout","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0262225.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-30345-5","article-title":"Longitudinal characterization of nasopharyngeal colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae in a South African birth cohort post 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine implementation","volume":"8","author":"FS Dube","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"48","key":"pone.0262225.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7369","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.10.021","article-title":"Pneumococcal carriage in households in Karonga District, Malawi, before and after introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination","volume":"36","author":"E Heinsbroek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"34","key":"pone.0262225.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4349","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2014.03.017","article-title":"Pneumococcal carriage in children and adults two years after introduction of the thirteen valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in England","volume":"32","author":"AJ van Hoek","year":"2014","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0262225.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vaccine.2018.12.068","article-title":"Follow-up of serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility of Streptococcus pneumoniae in child carriage after a PCV13-to-PCV10 vaccine switch in Belgium","volume":"37","author":"I Wouters","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vaccine"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0262225.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cix895","article-title":"Serotype-Specific Correlates of Protection for Pneumococcal Carriage: An Analysis of Immunity in 19 Countries","volume":"66","author":"M Voysey","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0262225.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1580","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciz481","article-title":"Impact of 13-Valent Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Colonization and Invasive Disease in Cambodian Children","volume":"70","author":"P Turner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0262225.ref018","article-title":"Effect of Haemophilus influenzae type b and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccines on childhood pneumonia hospitalizations and deaths in Botswana","author":"HH Congdon M","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0262225.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2019-0567","article-title":"Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in Children\u2019s Hospitals: 2014\u20132017","volume":"144","author":"SL Kaplan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatrics"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0262225","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T13:35:03Z","timestamp":1641389703000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0262225"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jose","family":"Melo-Cristino","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0262225","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]}}}