{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T11:00:18Z","timestamp":1782730818036,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641254400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002460","name":"Chung-Ang University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Chung Ang University Research Scholarship Grant in 2020"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Chung Ang University Research Scholarship Grant in 2020"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002460","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Deficits in color vision and related retinal changes hold promise as early screening biomarkers in patients with Alzheimer\u2019s disease. This study aimed to determine a cut-off score that can screen for Alzheimer\u2019s dementia using a novel color vision threshold test named the red, green, and blue (RGB) modified color vision plate test (RGB-vision plate). We developed the RGB-vision plate consisting of 30 plates in which the red and green hues of Ishihara Plate No.22 were sequentially adjusted. A total of 108 older people participated in the mini-mental state examination (MMSE), Ishihara plate, and RGB-vision plate. For the analyses, the participants were divided into two groups: Alzheimer\u2019s dementia (n = 42) and healthy controls (n = 38). K-means cluster analysis and ROC curve analysis were performed to identify the most appropriate cut-off score. As a result, the cut-off screening score for Alzheimer\u2019s dementia on the RGB-vision plate was set at 25, with an area under the curve of 0.773 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.001). Moreover, there was a negative correlation between the RGB-vision plate thresholds and MMSE scores (r = -0.36, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.02). In conclusion, patients with Alzheimer\u2019s dementia had a deficit in color vision. The RGB-vision plate is a potential early biomarker that may adequately detect Alzheimer\u2019s dementia.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262226","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]],"date-time":"2022-01-04T18:25:10Z","timestamp":1641320710000},"page":"e0262226","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Deficits in color detection in patients with Alzheimer disease"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8529-4786","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hee Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4637-4350","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jae Hyun","family":"Ryou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5402-2158","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Kang Ta","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sun Mi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jee Taek","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8314-0767","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Doug Hyun","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0262226.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1589","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.4782","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Dementia: Review","volume":"322","author":"Z Arvanitakis","year":"2019","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"5646","key":"pone.0262226.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"830","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1090349","article-title":"Looking backward to move forward: early detection of neurodegenerative disorders","volume":"302","author":"ST DeKosky","year":"2003","journal-title":"Science"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0262226.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arcmed.2012.11.003","article-title":"Epidemiology of dementias and Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"43","author":"AL Sosa-Ortiz","year":"2012","journal-title":"Arch Med Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0262226.ref004","first-page":"265","article-title":"Olfactory tau pathology in Alzheimer disease and mild cognitive impairment","volume":"25","author":"J Attems","year":"2006","journal-title":"Clin Neuropathol"},{"issue":"10113","key":"pone.0262226.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2673","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31363-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care","volume":"390","author":"G Livingston","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"491","key":"pone.0262226.ref006","first-page":"1944","article-title":"Screening und Pr\u00e4vention kognitiver St\u00f6rungen bei \u00e4lteren Menschen [Screening and prevention of cognitive disorder in the elderly]","volume":"11","author":"AF Gietl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Rev Med Suisse"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0262226.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0254357","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254357","article-title":"A novel olfactory threshold test for screening cognitive decline among elderly people","volume":"16","author":"SM Kim","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262226.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.08.008","article-title":"Improving dementia care: the role of screening and detection of cognitive impairment","volume":"9","author":"S Borson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimers Dement"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0262226.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1202753","article-title":"Clinical and biomarker changes in dominantly inherited Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"367","author":"RJ Bateman","year":"2012","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0262226.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1002\/gps.3829","article-title":"The development of effective biomarkers for Alzheimer\u2019s disease: a review","volume":"28","author":"MS Henry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int. 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