{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:01:39Z","timestamp":1787022099221,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":28,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641340800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"European and Developing Countries Trials Partnership","award":["TMA2016CDF-1550"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TMA2016CDF-1550"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000865","name":"Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["OPP1148763"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["OPP1148763"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000865","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007880","name":"Johns Hopkins University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007880","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      In cholera endemic areas, the periodicity of cholera outbreaks remains unpredictable, making it difficult to organize preventive efforts. Lack of data on duration of protection conferred by oral cholera vaccines further makes it difficult to determine when to deploy preemptive vaccination. We report on the immunogenicity and waning of immunity to Shanchol\n                      <jats:sup>\u2122<\/jats:sup>\n                      in Lukanga Swamps.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We enrolled a cohort of 223 participants aged between 18 and 65 years old from whom serum samples were collected at baseline, day 28 before administration of the second dose, and consecutively at 6, 12, 24, 30, 36, and 48 months. Vibriocidal antibody titres were measured and expressed as geometric mean titres. Box plots and 95% CI were computed at each visit for both Inaba and Ogawa. Seroconversion was defined as a four fold or greater increase in antibody titres compared to baseline titres.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Overall, seroconversion against\n                      <jats:italic>V<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>cholerae<\/jats:italic>\n                      Inaba and Ogawa after 1st dose was 35\/134 (26%) and 34\/134 (25%) respectively. We observed a statistical difference in seroconversion between the two subgroups of baseline titres (low &lt;80 and high \u226580) for both Inaba (p = 0.02) and Ogawa (p&lt;0.0001). From a baseline of 13.58, anti-Ogawa GMT increased to 21.95 after the first dose, but rapidly waned to 14.52, 13.13, and 12.78 at months 6, 12 and 24 respectively, and then increased to 13.21, 18.67 and 23.65 at months 30, 36 and 48 respectively. A similar trend was observed for anti-Inaba GMT across the same time points.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We found that Shanchol\n                      <jats:sup>\u2122<\/jats:sup>\n                      was immunogenic in our study population and that vibriocidal antibodies may not be a good marker for long-term immunity. The observed rise in titres after 36 months suggests natural exposure, and this may be a critical time window opening for natural transmission in an endemic areas. We recommend re-vaccination at this time point in high risk areas.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262239","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]],"date-time":"2022-01-05T13:27:02Z","timestamp":1641389222000},"page":"e0262239","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Immunogenicity and waning immunity from the oral cholera vaccine (Shanchol\u2122) in adults residing in Lukanga Swamps of Zambia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3601-0660","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Harriet","family":"Ng\u2032ombe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michelo","family":"Simuyandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Mwaba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charlie Chaluma","family":"Luchen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Alabi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obvious Nchimunya","family":"Chilyabanyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Mubanga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiza Miyanda","family":"Hatyoka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mutinta","family":"Muchimba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Bosomprah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0221-9527","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Roma","family":"Chilengi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Geoffrey","family":"Kwenda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Caroline Cleopatra","family":"Chisenga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262239.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.4103\/0970-0218.84142","article-title":"Emergence of Vibrio cholerae serotype Hikojima in northern Tamil Nadu","volume":"36","author":"G Veligandla","year":"2011","journal-title":"Indian J Community Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0262239.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jir416","article-title":"Natural cholera infection-derived immunity in an endemic setting","volume":"204","author":"M Ali","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Infect Dis"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262239.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.4103\/ijmr.IJMR_280_17","article-title":"Changing facades of Vibrio cholerae: An enigma in the epidemiology of cholera","volume":"147","author":"N Lekshmi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Indian J Med Res"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0262239.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0003832","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003832","article-title":"Updated global burden of cholera in endemic countries","volume":"9","author":"M Ali","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0262239.ref005","unstructured":"Weekly epidemiological record Relev\u00e9 \u00e9pid\u00e9miologique hebdomadaire. 2018 [cited 2019 Nov 15]; http:\/\/www.who.int\/wer."},{"issue":"51","key":"pone.0262239.ref006","first-page":"533","volume":"1","author":"WHO","year":"2017","journal-title":"Weekly epidemiological record Relev\u00c3\u00a9 \u00c3\u00a9pid\u00c3\u00a9miologique hebdomadaire"},{"key":"pone.0262239.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deen J, Mengel MA, Clemens JD. 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