{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,25]],"date-time":"2026-04-25T23:15:46Z","timestamp":1777158946246,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":15,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642636800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100020027","name":"Rolf M. Schwiete Stiftung","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["11\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["11\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100020027","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Photopsia is a phenomenon that sometimes disturbs patients after cataract surgery. To evaluate the impact of the edge design of intraocular lenses (IOL) on the location, shape and relative intensity of photic effects at the retina caused by photopsia in pseudophakic eyes, photopsia was simulated using ZEMAX software. The structural parameters of the pseudophakic eye model are based on the Liou-Brennan eye model parameters with a pupil diameter of 4.5 mm. The IOLs implanted in the eye model have a power of 21 diopter (D) with optical diameter of 6 mm and 7 mm. From the ray-tracing analysis, covering variations of incident ray angle of 50\u00b0 to 90\u00b0 from temporally, a photic image is detected at the fovea at specific ray angles of 77.5\u00b0 (6 mm IOL) and 78.2\u00b0 (7 mm IOL). This photic image disappears when a thin IOL with an edge thickness of 0 mm or a thick IOL with absorbing edges is replaced in the eye model. With an anti-reflective edge, this photic image remains, but with a fully reflecting edge it disappears at the critical angles and appears with different shapes at other angles. The intensity of this photic image can be reduced by changing the edge design to a frosted surface. Most of the photic patterns in IOLs are not observed with absorbing and thin edge designs. IOLs with anti-reflecting and fully reflecting edges generate disturbing photic effects at different angles on the fovea. IOLs with frosted edges reduce the contrast of the photic effects and make them less disturbing for patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262457","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]],"date-time":"2022-01-20T18:29:15Z","timestamp":1642703355000},"page":"e0262457","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Simulation of photic effects after cataract surgery for off-axis light sources"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3928-1738","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Pooria","family":"Omidi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan","family":"Cayless","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Achim","family":"Langenbucher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,20]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0262457.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"690","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(13)80336-7","article-title":"Undesired light images associated with ovoid intraocular lenses.","volume":"19","author":"S Masket","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0262457.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(00)00427-2","article-title":"Dysphotopsia in phakic and pseudophakic patients: incidence and relation to intraocular lens type.","volume":"26","author":"R Tester","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0262457.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1346","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(00)00611-8","article-title":"Positive and negative dysphotopsia in patients with acrylic intraocular lenses.","volume":"26","author":"JA Davison","year":"2000","journal-title":"Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0262457.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2004.08.059","article-title":"Negative dysphotopsia associated with implantation Z9000 intraocular lens.","volume":"31","author":"J Narv\u00e1ez","year":"2005","journal-title":"Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0262457.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2006.09.014","article-title":"Comparison of pseudophakic dysphotopsia with Akreos Adapt and SN60-AT intraocular lenses.","volume":"33","author":"SW Radford","year":"2007","journal-title":"Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0262457.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1699","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2008.06.026","article-title":"Negative dysphotopsia: long-term study and possible explanation for transient symptoms.","volume":"34","author":"RH Osher","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0262457.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2009.10.035","article-title":"Intraocular lens exchange in patients with negative dysphotopsia symptoms.","volume":"36","author":"P V\u00e1mosi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0262457.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2010.06.022","article-title":"Reply: Optical phenomena causing negative dysphotopsia.","volume":"36","author":"DL Cooke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0262457.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2011.02.022","article-title":"Pseudophakic negative dysphotopsia: surgical managemanet and new theory of etiology.","volume":"37","author":"S Masket","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0262457.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1016\/S0886-3350(99)00038-3","article-title":"Analysis of edge glare phenomena in intraocular lens edge design.","volume":"25","author":"JT Holladay","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0262457.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1251","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcrs.2012.01.032","article-title":"Negative dysphotopsia: the enigmatic penumbra.","volume":"38","author":"JT Holladay","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Cataract & Refractive Surgery"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0262457.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1097\/01.icu.0000193065.09499.7e","article-title":"Recent developments in pseudophakic dysphotopsia","volume":"17","author":"J. 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