{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T00:39:34Z","timestamp":1792802374330,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1642723200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Mass drug administration for schistosomiasis started in 2014 across Taraba State. Surprisingly in 2020, an outbreak of schistosomiasis was reported in Takum local government area. This epidemiological investigation therefore assessed the current status of infection, analyzed associated risk factors and arrested the outbreak through community sensitization activities and mass treatment of 3,580 persons with praziquantel tablets.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Epidemiological assessment involving parasitological analysis of stool and urine samples were conducted among 432 consenting participants in five communities. Samples were processed using Kato-Katz and urine filtration techniques. Participants data on demography, water contact behavior and access to water, sanitation and hygiene facilities were obtained using standardized questionnaires. Data were analysed using SPSS 20.0 and significance level was set at 95%.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      An overall prevalence of 34.7% was observed, with 150 participants infected with both species of\n                      <jats:italic>Schistosoma<\/jats:italic>\n                      parasite. By communities, prevalence was higher in Birama (57.7%), Barkin Lissa (50.5%) and Shibong (33.3%). By species\u2019,\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection was significantly higher than\n                      <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>mansoni<\/jats:italic>\n                      (28.9% vs 9.5%), with higher proportion of younger males infected (p&lt;0.05). The condition of WASH is deplorable. About 87% had no latrines, 67% had no access to improved source of potable water and 23.6% relied on the river as their main source of water. Infections was significantly associated with water contact behaviors like playing in water (OR:1.50, 95% CI: 1.01\u20132.25) and swimming (OR:1.55, 95% CI: 1.04\u20132.31).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>It is important to reclassify the treatment needs of Takum LGA based on the findings of this study. Furthermore, efforts targeted at improving access to WASH, reducing snail population, improving health education and strengthening surveillance systems to identify schistosomiasis hotspots will be a step in the right direction<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262524","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]],"date-time":"2022-01-21T14:14:42Z","timestamp":1642774482000},"page":"e0262524","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Schistosomiasis outbreak during COVID-19 pandemic in Takum, Northeast Nigeria: Analysis of infection status and associated risk factors"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Francisca","family":"Olamiju","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Obiageli J.","family":"Nebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7330-2892","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Hammed","family":"Mogaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayodele","family":"Marcus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Perpetua","family":"Amodu\u2013Agbi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rita O.","family":"Urude","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ebenezer","family":"Apake","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olatunwa","family":"Olamiju","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chimdinma","family":"Okoronkwo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ijeoma","family":"Achu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Okezie","family":"Mpama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0262524.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e412","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0000412","article-title":"Neglected Tropical Diseases in Sub-Saharan Africa: Review of Their Prevalence, Distribution, and Disease Burden","volume":"3","author":"PJ Hotez","year":"2009","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis."},{"key":"pone.0262524.ref002","author":"Global Schistosomiasis Alliance (GSA)","journal-title":"Accelerating Progress for Schistosomiasis Conttrol and Elimination Post-2020"},{"key":"pone.0262524.ref003","volume-title":"Ending the neglect to attain the Sustainable Development Goals: a road map for neglected tropical diseases 2021\u20132030","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2020"},{"key":"pone.0262524.ref004","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schistosomiasis."},{"key":"pone.0262524.ref005","author":"World Health Organization (WHO)","year":"2021","journal-title":"Helminth control in school-age children: a guide for managers of control programmes"},{"key":"pone.0262524.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e3014","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0003014","volume":"8","author":"N Midzi","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS Negl Trop Dis"},{"key":"pone.0262524.ref007","unstructured":"Centre for Disease Control (CDC). 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