{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,27]],"date-time":"2026-06-27T07:15:37Z","timestamp":1782544537058,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":25,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) and detection of drug resistance are very important for timely and appropriate management of patients. Xpert MTB\/RIF assay is approved for use in TB and rifampicin-resistance diagnosis. However, data are limited on the impact of Xpert MTB\/RIF assay under routine clinical settings with a heterogeneous group of patients and sample types in Ethiopia.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A retrospective study was carried out in 2220 presumptive TB cases at Jimma University Medical Center. Data were gathered from the registration logbook using formatted data extraction tools and double entered to epidata version 3.1 and further transported to SPSS version 20 for analysis. Associations were determined using the Chi-square test and <jats:italic>P-value<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.05 was considered statistically significant.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Of 2220 cases enrolled, 1665 (75%) were adults and the remaining 555 (25%) were children aged less than 14 years. The majority, 1964 (88.46%), had pulmonary manifestation and 256 (11.54%) had extrapulmonary involvements. The overall, frequency of <jats:italic>Mycobacterium tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> (MTB) was 9.3% (206\/2220), among this 10.27% (171\/1665) and 6.3% (35\/555) were adults and children, respectively. <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> was detected from 171 (8.75%) of pulmonary patients and 35 (13.28%) of extrapulmonary manifested patients. Out of 206 <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> positive cases, 7(3.4%) were rifampicin-resistant: four from pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) patients and three from EPTB patients. In the Chi-square test, the age group of 15\u201324 years, previous history of TB, pus\/lymph node sample, and being HIV positive were significantly associated with TB positivity by Xpert MTB\/RIF (<jats:italic>P-value<\/jats:italic> &lt;0.001).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>These data suggest that the overall frequency of <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>tuberculosis<\/jats:italic> and rifampicin resistance was found to be relatively low compared to the previous reports in Ethiopia. Nevertheless, better diagnostic tools and approaches are still vital to halt the burden of TB and drug-resistant TB in the country.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T18:33:24Z","timestamp":1643308404000},"page":"e0262929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and rifampicin resistance by Xpert\u00ae MTB\/RIF assay among presumptive tuberculosis cases at Jimma University Medical Center, Southwest Ethiopia"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Wasihun","family":"Admassu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9157-3637","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Birhanu","family":"Ayelign","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7172-9136","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Gemeda","family":"Abebe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mulualem","family":"Tadesse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0262929.ref001","volume-title":"WHO 2018 Global Tuberculosis Control 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Workalemahu","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC research notes"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0262929.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0176186","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0176186","article-title":"Diagnosis of smear-negative tuberculosis is greatly improved by Xpert MTB\/RIF","volume":"12","author":"G Lombardi","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0262929.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1586\/eri.12.43","article-title":"Diagnosis of extrapulmonary tuberculosis using the Xpert((R)) MTB\/RIF assay","volume":"10","author":"SD Lawn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther"},{"key":"pone.0262929.ref013","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Rapid implementation of the Xpert MTB\/RIF diagnostic test: technical and operational\u2019How-to\u2019; practical considerations. World Health Organization; 2011. Report No.: 9241501561."},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0262929.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4138","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.05434-11","article-title":"Evaluation of the GeneXpert MTB\/RIF assay for rapid diagnosis of tuberculosis and detection of rifampin resistance in pulmonary and extrapulmonary specimens","volume":"49","author":"AN Zeka","year":"2011","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0262929.ref015","first-page":"71","article-title":"Smear positive pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) prevalence amongst patients at Agaro teaching health center, south west Ethiopia","volume":"22","author":"H Ali","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ethiopian journal of health sciences"},{"key":"pone.0262929.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S135935","article-title":"Rifampicin-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among tuberculosis-presumptive cases at University of Gondar Hospital, northwest Ethiopia","volume":"10","author":"KN Jaleta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0262929.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2328-4","article-title":"Rifampicin-resistance pattern of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and associated factors among presumptive tuberculosis patients referred to Debre Markos Referral Hospital, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"W Mulu","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0262929.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-019-3943-1","article-title":"Prevalence of rifampicin resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among presumptive tuberculosis patients in selected governmental hospitals in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia","volume":"19","author":"B Arega","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC infectious diseases"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0262929.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.11648\/j.cmr.20150403.13","article-title":"Prevalence of Refampcin Mono Resistant Mycobacterium Tuberculosis Among Suspected Cases Attending at Yirgalem Hospital","volume":"4","author":"M Worku Hordofa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clinical Medicine Research"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0262929.ref020","first-page":"60","article-title":"Xpert MTB\/RIF assay for the diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and its Rifampicin resistance at Felege Hiwot and Debre Tabor Hospitals, Northwest Ethiopia: A preliminary implementation research","volume":"30","author":"A Derbie","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ethiopian Journal of Health Development"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0262929.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1186\/s40249-019-0554-4","article-title":"Surveillance of drug resistance tuberculosis based on reference laboratory data in Ethiopia","volume":"8","author":"G Diriba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infectious diseases of poverty"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0262929.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-5-225","article-title":"Relatively low primary drug resistant tuberculosis in southwestern Ethiopia","volume":"5","author":"G Abebe","year":"2012","journal-title":"BMC research notes"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0262929.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1133","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03205-15","article-title":"Diagnostic Performance of Xpert MTB\/RIF in Tuberculous Pleural Effusion: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"IS Sehgal","year":"2016","journal-title":"J Clin Microbiol"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0262929.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1818","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.03553-13","article-title":"Diagnostic accuracy of Xpert MTB\/RIF for extrapulmonary tuberculosis specimens: establishing a laboratory testing algorithm for South 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