{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,9]],"date-time":"2026-06-09T18:26:33Z","timestamp":1781029593797,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643846400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001037","name":"Australia and Pacific Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APSF_16_01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APSF_16_01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001037","name":"Australia and Pacific Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APSF_16_01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APSF_16_01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001037","name":"Australia and Pacific Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APSF_16_01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APSF_16_01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001037","name":"Australia and Pacific Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APSF_16_01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APSF_16_01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001037","name":"Australia and Pacific Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APSF_16_01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APSF_16_01"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001037","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The Dilleniaceae is known to produce nectarless flowers pollinated by bees, but the fact that bats ingest <jats:italic>Dillenia biflora<\/jats:italic> pollen led us to question pollination assumptions for these trees. We aimed to identify the pollinators of <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>biflora<\/jats:italic>, check for nectar presence, and investigate potential for cleistogamy and global prevalence of this pollination system. We examined aspects of the pollination of <jats:italic>D<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>biflora<\/jats:italic> on two Fijian islands using video recordings, direct observations, hand pollination, measurements (flowers, bite marks, nectar), and monitoring. The flowers, receptive for one night, contained copious nectar and had permanently closed globose corollas that required removal by bats for pollination. All the 101 flowers that retained their corolla died and did not produce seeds by cleistogamy. The bat <jats:italic>Notopteris macdonaldi<\/jats:italic> was well adapted to corolla removal. Keeping corollas closed until bats manipulate the nectar-rich flowers is a beneficial strategy in high-rainfall environments with many flower parasites. We propose to name a pollination system reliant exclusively on bats \u201cchiropteropisteusis.\u201d From clues in the literature, other species in the geographical range of <jats:italic>Dillenia<\/jats:italic> are probably chiropteropisunous. Chiropteropisteusis should be investigated in the Old-World range of <jats:italic>Dillenia<\/jats:italic>, many species of which are threatened. The remarkable \u201cfall\u201d of the entire corolla observed by an earlier botanist for several species in the genus is most likely attributable to bats. This discovery has important implications for the conservation of bat-dependent trees and their associated fauna, particularly considering the high level of threat faced by flying-foxes globally.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0262985","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]],"date-time":"2022-02-03T18:44:46Z","timestamp":1643913886000},"page":"e0262985","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["A novel bat pollination system involving obligate flower corolla removal has implications for global Dillenia conservation"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7984-5123","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Sophie","family":"Petit","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Annette T.","family":"Scanlon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alivereti","family":"Naikatini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tara","family":"Pukala","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Russell","family":"Schumann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0262985.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1242\/jeb.00203","article-title":"Echoes of bat-pollinated bell-shaped flowers: conspicuous for nectar-feeding bats?","volume":"206","author":"D v Helversen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Exp Biol"},{"key":"pone.0262985.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"160199","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.160199","article-title":"Finding flowers in the dark: nectar-feeding bats integrate olfaction and echolocation while foraging for nectar.","volume":"3","author":"TP Gonzalez-Terrazas","year":"2016","journal-title":"R Soc Open Sci"},{"key":"pone.0262985.ref003","first-page":"613","article-title":"Ultraviolet vision in a bat. 2003","volume":"245","author":"Y Winter","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"pone.0262985.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"886","DOI":"10.1644\/BWG-032","article-title":"Operational tongue length in nectar-feeding bats.","volume":"84","author":"Y Winter","year":"2003","journal-title":"J Mammal"},{"key":"pone.0262985.ref005","volume-title":"Pollination and floral ecology.","author":"P Willmer","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0262985.ref006","volume-title":"The principles of pollination ecology, third revised edition.","author":"K Faegri","year":"1979"},{"key":"pone.0262985.ref007","first-page":"132","volume-title":"Dilleniaceae","author":"JW Horn","year":"2007"},{"key":"pone.0262985.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.7208\/chicago\/9780226441757.001.0001","volume-title":"Phylogeny and evolution of the angiosperms\u2013revised and updated edition.","author":"D Soltis","year":"2018"},{"key":"pone.0262985.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"794","DOI":"10.1086\/599239","article-title":"Phylogenetics of Dilleniaceae using sequence data from four plastic loci (rbcL, infA, rps4, rpl16 intron).","volume":"170","author":"JW Horn","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int J Plant Sci"},{"key":"pone.0262985.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00987943","article-title":"Relationships between floral organization, architecture, and pollination mode in Dillenia (Dilleniaceae).","volume":"206","author":"PK Endress","year":"1997","journal-title":"Plant Syst Evol"},{"key":"pone.0262985.ref011","first-page":"1","article-title":"A revision of the genus Dillenia.","volume":"7","author":"RD Hoogland","year":"1952","journal-title":"Blumea"},{"key":"pone.0262985.ref012","unstructured":"Conservation International. 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