{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,27]],"date-time":"2025-11-27T13:55:35Z","timestamp":1764251735572,"version":"3.40.5"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645142400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Laval University\u2019s Fonds Facultaire d\u2019Enseignement et de Recherche"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>As there is currently no pharmacological treatment for Parkinson\u2019s Disease Mild Cognitive Impairment (PD-MCI) with executive dysfunctions, specific cognitive interventions must be investigated. Most previous studies have tested bottom-up cognitive training programs but have not shown very good results.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The aim of this study was to test ease of implementation, differential safety and preliminary efficacy of two top-down (strategy-learning) home-based, individualized, cognitive interventions: Goal Management Training (GMT), adapted for PD-MCI (Adapted-GMT), and a psychoeducation program combined with mindfulness exercises (PSYCH-Mind).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>This was a single-blind block-randomized between-group comparative study. Twelve PD-MCI with mild executive dysfunctions were divided in four blocks and randomly assigned to any of the two interventions. The participants were included if they had PD-MCI diagnosis (no dementia), with stabilized medication. Both groups (Adapted-GMT and PSYCH-mind) received five intervention sessions each lasting 60\u201390 minutes for five weeks. Measures were collected at baseline, mid-point, one-week, four-week and 12-week follow-ups. Executive functions were assessed with the Dysexecutive questionnaire (DEX) and the Zoo Map Test (ZMT). Quality of life (QoL) and psychiatric symptoms were also evaluated. Repeated measures ANCOVAs (mixed linear analysis) were applied to all outcomes.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>There was one drop out, and both interventions were feasible and acceptable. Despite the small sample size limiting statistical power, patients of both groups significantly improved executive functions per the DEX-patient (Time: <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(4,36) = 2.96, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.033, CI95%: 10.75\u201315.23) and DEX-caregiver scores (Time: <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(4,36) = 6.02, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.017, CI95%: 9.63\u201317.23). Both groups significantly made fewer errors between measurement times on the ZMT (Time: <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(3,36) = 16.66, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.001, CI95%: 1.07\u20132.93). However, QoL significantly increased only in PSYCH-Mind patients at four-week follow-up (interaction Time*Group: <jats:italic>F<\/jats:italic>(4,36) = 5.31, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.002, CI95%: 15.33\u201325.61).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec005\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Both interventions were easily implemented and proved to be safe. Because both interventions are arguably cost-effective, these pilot findings, although promising, need to be replicated in large samples.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec006\">\n<jats:title>ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p><jats:ext-link xmlns:xlink=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/1999\/xlink\" ext-link-type=\"uri\" xlink:href=\"https:\/\/clinicaltrials.gov\/ct2\/show\/NCT04636541\" xlink:type=\"simple\">NCT04636541<\/jats:ext-link>.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263108","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]],"date-time":"2022-02-18T18:26:09Z","timestamp":1645208769000},"page":"e0263108","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Goal management training and psychoeducation \/ mindfulness for treatment of executive dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A feasibility pilot trial"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2915-4914","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Ariane","family":"Gigu\u00e8re-Rancourt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marika","family":"Plourde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Racine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marianne","family":"Couture","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"M\u00e9lanie","family":"Langlois","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7270-6115","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Dupr\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martine","family":"Simard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,18]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0263108.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"349","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.24893","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson\u2019s disease: Movement Disorder Society Task Force guidelines","volume":"27","author":"I Litvan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0263108.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1111\/jnp.12028","article-title":"Executive dysfunction in Parkinson\u2019s disease: a review","volume":"7","author":"G Dirnberger","year":"2013","journal-title":"J of Neuropsych"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0263108.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1099","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2016-313838","article-title":"Subtypes of mild cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: evidence from the LANDSCAPE study","volume":"87","author":"E Kalbe","year":"2016","journal-title":"J of Neurol, Neurosurg, and Psych"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263108.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26373","article-title":"Cognition in individuals at risk for Parkinson\u2019s: Parkinson associated risk syndrome (PARS) study findings","volume":"31","author":"LM Chahine","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mov Disord"},{"key":"pone.0263108.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1017\/cjn.2018.21","article-title":"Effects of Antiparkinsonians on Cognition in Parkinson\u2019s Disease: A Systematic Review","volume":"45","author":"MA Roy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Can J of Neurol Sci"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0263108.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3654","article-title":"Pharmacological treatment of Parkinson\u2019s Disease A Review","volume":"311","author":"BS Connolly","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0263108.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp-2014-308764","article-title":"Cholinesterase inhibitors for Parkinson\u2019s disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"86","author":"G Pagano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J of Neurol, Neurosurg & Psych"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0263108.ref008","article-title":"Cholinesterase inhibitors for dementia with Lewy bodies. 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