{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T03:01:38Z","timestamp":1787022098756,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644969600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Faculty of Medicine Ramathibodi hospital","award":["RF_63085"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RF_63085"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Immune dysregulation can involve invasion and survival of endometrial glands inside the myometrium of the adenomyosis. There is limited available data concerning alterations of the bacterial microbiome in the reproductive tract of adenomyosis women. The present cross-sectional age-matched study aims to compare vaginal microbiota between women with and without adenomyosis. We recruited women with adenomyosis (N = 40) and age-matched women without adenomyosis (N = 40) from the Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Ramathibodi Hospital Mahidol University, from August 2020 to January 2021. Vaginal swab samples were collected from the participants. DNA isolation and bacterial 16s rDNA gene sequencing and data analyses were then performed. Comparison of the diversity of vaginal microbiota, microbiota composition, and the operational taxonomic unit (OTU) between adenomyosis and non-adenomyosis (control) groups were undertaken. Data from 40 and 38 women with and without adenomyosis, respectively, were analyzed. Alpha-diversity analysis (Chao1 index) at the species level showed higher vaginal microbial richness in the adenomyosis group when compared with the control group (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.006). The linear discriminant analysis effect size technique (LeFSe) indicated an elevated abundance of several vaginal microbial taxa in the adenomyosis group, including\n                    <jats:italic>Alloscardovia<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Oscillospirales, Ruminoccoccaceae,\n                    <jats:italic>UCG_002<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Oscillospiraceae,\n                    <jats:italic>Enhydrobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Megamonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Moraxellaceae,\n                    <jats:italic>Subdoligranulum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Selenomonadaceae, and\n                    <jats:italic>Faecalibacterium<\/jats:italic>\n                    . On the other hand, an increase in the abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Megaspehera<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Fastidiosipila<\/jats:italic>\n                    , Hungateiclostridiaceae, and Clostridia was identified in the control group. Vaginal community state type (CST)-III and -IV were dominated in adenomyosis, while only CST-IV was dominated in the non-adenomyosis group.\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    was the most abundant vaginal microbial in both groups. In this study, the differences in vaginal microbiome profile were noted between adenomyosis and non-adenomyosis group. The increasing of microbial richness was associated with adenomyosis. Nevertheless, further investigations were required to elucidate the mechanisms and apply them for clinical implications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263283","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]],"date-time":"2022-02-16T13:44:46Z","timestamp":1645019086000},"page":"e0263283","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Vaginal microbiome of women with adenomyosis: A case-control study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Jitsupa","family":"Kunaseth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wanwisa","family":"Waiyaput","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prangwalai","family":"Chanchaem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vorthon","family":"Sawaswong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rattana","family":"Permpech","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sunchai","family":"Payungporn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4589-0030","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Areepan","family":"Sophonsritsuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"reference":[{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0263283.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gmit.2016.06.002","article-title":"Update of recent studies of adenomyosis-associated dysmenorrhea","volume":"5","author":"C Jiang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Gynecol Minim Invasive Ther"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0263283.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2017.12.030","article-title":"Pathogenesis of uterine adenomyosis: invagination or metaplasia?","volume":"109","author":"J Garcia-Solares","year":"2018","journal-title":"Fertil Steril"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0263283.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmz049","article-title":"Diagnosing adenomyosis: an integrated clinical and imaging approach","volume":"26","author":"C Chapron","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0263283.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"360","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/4.4.360","article-title":"Is adenomyosis an immune disease?","volume":"4","author":"H Ota","year":"1998","journal-title":"Hum Reprod Update"},{"key":"pone.0263283.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13012-5_3","volume-title":"Uterine Adenomyosis","author":"M Habiba","year":"2016"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0263283.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2017.06.016","article-title":"Pathogenesis of adenomyosis: an update on molecular mechanisms","volume":"35","author":"S Vannuccini","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod Biomed Online"},{"issue":"29","key":"pone.0263283.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8787","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i29.8787","article-title":"Role of the normal gut microbiota","volume":"21","author":"SM Jandhyala","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J Gastroenterol"},{"issue":"7164","key":"pone.0263283.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06244","article-title":"The Human Microbiome Project","volume":"449","author":"PJ Turnbaugh","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0263283.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2018.09.017","article-title":"Microbiome 101: Studying, analyzing, and interpreting gut microbiome data for clinicians","volume":"17","author":"C Allaband","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263283.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1093\/bib\/bbz155","article-title":"Current challenges and best-practice protocols for microbiome analysis","volume":"22","author":"R Bharti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brief Bioinform"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0263283.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01548","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01548-14","article-title":"Intestinal dysbiosis associated with systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"5","author":"A Hevia","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0263283.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1515\/labmed-2016-0011","article-title":"abnormal vaginal microbiota","volume":"40","author":"Mendling W. Normal","year":"2016","journal-title":"LaboratoriumsMedizin"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0263283.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e105998","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0105998","article-title":"The vaginal microbiota: what have we learned after a decade of molecular characterization?","volume":"9","author":"JH van de Wijgert","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0263283.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12020419","article-title":"Reviewing the composition of vaginal microbiota: inclusion of nutrition and probiotic factors in the maintenance of eubiosis","volume":"12","author":"A Barrientos-Duran","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0263283.ref015","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota transplantation for the treatment of bacterial vaginosis: a conceptual analysis","volume":"366","author":"D Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Lett"},{"key":"pone.0263283.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-micro-092611-150157","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome: rethinking health and disease","volume":"66","author":"B Ma","year":"2012","journal-title":"Annu Rev Microbiol"},{"key":"pone.0263283.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00001","article-title":"Dysbiosis of the vaginal microbiota and higher vaginal kynurenine\/tryptophan ratio reveals an association with chlamydia trachomatis genital infections","volume":"8","author":"N Ziklo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263283.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-017-0999-x","article-title":"Vaginal dysbiosis increases risk of preterm fetal membrane rupture, neonatal sepsis and is exacerbated by erythromycin","volume":"16","author":"RG Brown","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Med"},{"key":"pone.0263283.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2016.05.015","article-title":"Menopause and the vaginal microbiome","volume":"91","author":"AL Muhleisen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"pone.0263283.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100051","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humic.2018.11.002","article-title":"Exhaustive repertoire of human vaginal microbiota","volume":"11","author":"K Diop","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum Microbiome J"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0263283.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajog.2018.10.014","article-title":"Diversity of vaginal microbiota in sub-Saharan Africa and its effects on HIV transmission and prevention","volume":"220","author":"L Bayigga","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am J Obstet Gynecol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263283.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14095","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-50410-x","article-title":"Diversity of vaginal microbiome and metabolome during genital infections","volume":"9","author":"C Ceccarani","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0263283.ref023","first-page":"71","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota in healthy women and patients with bacterial vaginosis and nonspecific vaginitis","volume":"18","author":"VA Aleshkin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microb Ecol Health Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263283.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1097\/MAJ.0b013e31823ea228","article-title":"The microbiota of the vagina and its influence on women\u2019s health and disease","volume":"343","author":"DH Martin","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am J Med Sci"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263283.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-017-00901-0","article-title":"The microbiota continuum along the female reproductive tract and its relation to uterine-related diseases","volume":"8","author":"C Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat Commun"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263283.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2204","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-39700-6","article-title":"The endobiota study: comparison of vaginal, cervical and gut microbiota between women with stage 3\/4 endometriosis and healthy controls","volume":"9","author":"B Ata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"21","key":"pone.0263283.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1440","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-1309","article-title":"Microbiome of the lower genital tract in Chinese women with endometriosis by 16s-rRNA sequencing technique: a pilot study","volume":"8","author":"S Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0263283.ref028","article-title":"Microbiome profile of deep endometriosis patients: comparison of vaginal fluid, endometrium and lesion","volume":"10","author":"C Hernandes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diagnostics (Basel)"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0263283.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2111","DOI":"10.1007\/s10815-019-01564-0","article-title":"Effect of the vaginal microbiome on the pregnancy rate in women receiving assisted reproductive treatment","volume":"36","author":"A Bernabeu","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Assist Reprod Genet"},{"key":"pone.0263283.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1213","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S210615","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota and HPV infection: novel mechanistic insights and therapeutic strategies","volume":"13","author":"Y Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect Drug Resist"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263283.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0502-8","article-title":"Increased richness and diversity of the vaginal microbiota and spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"6","author":"AC Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0263283.ref032","first-page":"3307","article-title":"Alteration of vaginal microbiota in patients with unexplained recurrent miscarriage","volume":"17","author":"F Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp Ther Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263283.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18963","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-55611-y","article-title":"Characterization of vaginal microbiota in women with preterm labor with intra-amniotic inflammation","volume":"9","author":"T Cobo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263283.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0203-0","article-title":"The vaginal microbiota, human papillomavirus infection and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: what do we know and where are we going next?","volume":"4","author":"A Mitra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0263283.ref035","article-title":"Alterations in vaginal microbiota and associated metabolome in women with recurrent implantation failure","volume":"11","author":"M Fu","year":"2020","journal-title":"mBio"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0263283.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.21037\/atm-20-4586","article-title":"The role of the vaginal microbiome in distinguishing female chronic pelvic pain caused by endometriosis\/adenomyosis","volume":"9","author":"X Chao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Ann Transl Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263283.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1186\/s40635-020-00362-8","article-title":"Endotoxemia and circulating bacteriome in severe COVID-19 patients","volume":"8","author":"P Sirivongrangson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Intensive Care Med Exp"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0263283.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"852","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9","article-title":"Reproducible, interactive, scalable and extensible microbiome data science using QIIME 2","volume":"37","author":"E Bolyen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat Biotechnol"},{"key":"pone.0263283.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2584","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2584","article-title":"VSEARCH: a versatile open source tool for metagenomics","volume":"4","author":"T Rognes","year":"2016","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"16","key":"pone.0263283.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381","article-title":"UCHIME improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection","volume":"27","author":"RC Edgar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"pone.0263283.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools","volume":"41","author":"C Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res"},{"key":"pone.0263283.ref042","first-page":"2825","article-title":"Scikit-learn: Machine learning in Python","volume":"12","author":"F Pedregosa","year":"2011","journal-title":"JMLR"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0263283.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R60","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation","volume":"12","author":"N Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol"},{"issue":"Suppl 1","key":"pone.0263283.ref044","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4680","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002611107","article-title":"Vaginal microbiome of reproductive-age women","volume":"108","author":"J Ravel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0263283.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"824","DOI":"10.1038\/s41372-019-0343-8","article-title":"Relationship between vitamin D status and the vaginal microbiome during pregnancy","volume":"39","author":"KK Jefferson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J Perinatol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0263283.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1111\/1471-0528.15972","article-title":"The association between vaginal bacterial composition and miscarriage: a nested case-control study","volume":"127","author":"M Al-Memar","year":"2020","journal-title":"BJOG"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0263283.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00646-18","article-title":"Interaction of Gardnerella vaginalis and Vaginolysin with the Apical versus Basolateral Face of a Three-Dimensional Model of Vaginal Epithelium","volume":"87","author":"EM Garcia","year":"2019","journal-title":"Infect Immun"},{"issue":"sup1","key":"pone.0263283.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2017.1399696","article-title":"Immune-inflammatory predictors of the pelvic pain syndrome associated with adenomyosis","volume":"33","author":"MR Orazov","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263283.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2011.12.001","article-title":"The distribution of immune cells and macrophages in the endometrium of women with recurrent reproductive failure. II: adenomyosis and macrophages","volume":"93","author":"KP Tremellen","year":"2012","journal-title":"J Reprod Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0263283.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.GPP3-0033-2018","article-title":"Genomics of the Pathogenic Clostridia","volume":"7","author":"RJ Moore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"key":"pone.0263283.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-7185-2_9","article-title":"Moraxella catarrhalis\u2014pathogen or commensal?","volume":"697","author":"C. Aebi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Adv Exp Med Biol"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0263283.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1005889","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1005889","article-title":"Microbiome Composition and Function Drives Wound-Healing Impairment in the Female Genital Tract","volume":"12","author":"AS Zevin","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0263283.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12411","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0012411","article-title":"Comparative genomics of Gardnerella vaginalis strains reveals substantial differences in metabolic and virulence potential","volume":"5","author":"CJ Yeoman","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0263283.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2020.1754788","article-title":"Expression and significance of T-cell immunoglobulin mucin molecule 3 and its ligand galectin-9 in patients with adenomyosis","volume":"36","author":"P Huang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gynecol Endocrinol"},{"key":"pone.0263283.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2020.00716","article-title":"m(6)A RNA Methylation Regulators Contribute to Eutopic Endometrium and Myometrium Dysfunction in Adenomyosis","volume":"11","author":"J Zhai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front Genet"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0263283.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1276","DOI":"10.1007\/s43032-019-00127-z","article-title":"Epithelial Cells in Endometriosis and Adenomyosis Upregulate STING Expression","volume":"27","author":"H Qu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod Sci"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0263283.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1899","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa043802","article-title":"Molecular identification of bacteria associated with bacterial vaginosis","volume":"353","author":"DN Fredricks","year":"2005","journal-title":"N Engl J Med"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263283.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0502-8","article-title":"Increased richness and diversity of the vaginal microbiota and spontaneous preterm birth","volume":"6","author":"AC Freitas","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0263283.ref059","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2016.11.007","article-title":"Lactobacillus iners: Friend or Foe?","volume":"25","author":"MI Petrova","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0263283.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cll.2014.08.006","article-title":"The changing landscape of the vaginal microbiome","volume":"34","author":"B Huang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin Lab Med"},{"key":"pone.0263283.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e5977","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5977","article-title":"Characterization of vaginal microbiota in Thai women","volume":"6","author":"A Sirichoat","year":"2018","journal-title":"PeerJ"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0263283.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/microbiolspec.UTI-0025-2016","article-title":"The Vaginal Microbiota and Urinary Tract Infection","volume":"4","author":"AE Stapleton","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol Spectr"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263283.ref063","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1186\/s12934-020-01464-4","article-title":"Vaginal microbiota and the potential of Lactobacillus derivatives in maintaining vaginal health","volume":"19","author":"WJY Chee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microb Cell Fact"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0263283.ref064","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2009.00618.x","article-title":"The vaginal bacterial communities of Japanese women resemble those of women in other racial groups","volume":"58","author":"X Zhou","year":"2010","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0263283","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,26]],"date-time":"2023-01-26T23:31:07Z","timestamp":1674775867000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0263283"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Christopher","family":"Staley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]},"references-count":64,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0263283","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,16]]}}}