{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T13:53:58Z","timestamp":1790776438373,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":95,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001711","name":"schweizerischer nationalfonds zur f\u00f6rderung der wissenschaftlichen forschung","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200021_178768"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200021_178768"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Organic matter management is key to sustain ecosystem services provided by soils. However, it is rarely considered in a holistic view, considering local resources, agro-environmental effects and harmonization with farmers\u2019 needs. Organic inputs, like compost and biochar, could represent a sustainable solution to massive current challenges associated to the intensification of agriculture, in particular for tropical regions. Here we assess the potential of agricultural residues as a resource for farmer communities in southwestern India to reduce their dependency on external inputs and sustain ecosystem services. We propose a novel joint evaluation of farmers\u2019 aspirations together with agro-environmental effects of organic inputs on soils. Our soil quality evaluation showed that biochar alone or with compost did not improve unilaterally soils in the tropics (Anthroposol, Ferralsol and Vertisol). Many organic inputs led to an initial decrease in water-holding capacities of control soils (-27.3%: coconut shell biochar with compost on Anthroposol). Responses to organic matter inputs for carbon were strongest for Ferralsols (+33.4% with rice husk biochar), and mostly positive for Anthroposols and Vertisols (+12.5% to +13.8% respectively). Soil pH responses were surprisingly negative for Ferralsols and only positive if biochar was applied alone (between -5.6% to +1.9%). For Anthroposols and Vertisols, highest increases were achieved with rice husk biochar + vermicomposts (+7.2% and +5.2% respectively). Our socio-economic evaluation showed that farmers with a stronger economical position showed greater interest towards technology like biochar (factor 1.3 to 1.6 higher for farmers cultivating Anthroposols and\/or Vertisols compared to Ferralsols), while poorer farmers more skepticism, which may lead to an increased economical gap within rural communities if technologies are not implemented with long-term guidance. These results advocate for an interdisciplinary evaluation of agricultural technology prior to its implementation as a development tool in the field.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263302","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]],"date-time":"2022-01-28T18:28:17Z","timestamp":1643394497000},"page":"e0263302","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Tailor-made biochar systems: Interdisciplinary evaluations of ecosystem services and farmer livelihoods in tropical agro-ecosystems"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9881-930X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Severin-Luca","family":"Bell\u00e8","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean","family":"Riotte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Norman","family":"Backhaus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Muddu","family":"Sekhar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascal","family":"Jouquet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Abiven","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0263302.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2959","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2010.0143","article-title":"Ecosystem services and agriculture: Tradeoffs and synergies","volume":"365","author":"AG Power","year":"2010","journal-title":"Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"504","DOI":"10.1126\/science.277.5325.504","article-title":"Agricultural intensification and ecosystem properties","volume":"277","author":"PA Matson","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeog.2011.09.008","article-title":"Biochar: Potential for countering land degradation and for improving agriculture","volume":"34","author":"CJ Barrow","year":"2012","journal-title":"Applied Geography"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref004","volume-title":"Ensuring food security in a changing world","author":"FAO","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2012.01.006","article-title":"Comparing conventional and organic agriculture in Karnataka, India: Where and when can organic farming be sustainable?","volume":"37","author":"S Patil","year":"2014","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1007\/s11625-012-0188-y","article-title":"Assessing the impact of policy-driven agricultural practices in Karnataka, India","volume":"8","author":"S Purushothaman","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sustainability Science"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0366.2010.00295.x","article-title":"Agrarian Crisis and Agrarian Questions in India","volume":"11","author":"J. Lerche","year":"2011","journal-title":"Journal of Agrarian Change"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolecon.2004.03.016","article-title":"Reducing dependence on chemical fertilizers and its financial implications for farmers in India","volume":"49","author":"N. Ghosh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ecological Economics"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1038\/s43016-020-00157-w","article-title":"India has natural resource capacity to achieve nutrition security, reduce health risks and improve environmental sustainability","volume":"1","author":"K Damerau","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nature Food"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref010","volume-title":"Toward Sustainable Agricultural Systems in the 21st Century","author":"National Research Council","year":"2010","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref011","first-page":"1","article-title":"Sustainable Agriculture and Rural Livelihoods: A Synthesis","volume":"19","author":"P Kumar","year":"2006","journal-title":"Agricultural Economics Research Review"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420017113.ch36","volume-title":"Biological Approaches to Sustainable Soil Systems","author":"J Lehmann","year":"2006"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geoderma.2015.08.009","article-title":"Linking soils to ecosystem services\u2014A global review","volume":"262","author":"K Adhikari","year":"2016","journal-title":"Geoderma"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2018.01.030","article-title":"Soil quality\u2014A critical review","volume":"120","author":"EK B\u00fcnemann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Soil Biology and Biochemistry"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biombioe.2005.03.005","article-title":"Assessment of sustainable non-plantation biomass resources potential for energy in India","volume":"29","author":"NH Ravindranath","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biomass and Bioenergy"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref016","volume-title":"Use of Biochar for Soil Health Enhancement and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation in India: Potential and Constraints","author":"Ch Srinivasarao","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2015.06.003","article-title":"Agriculture biomass in India: Part 1. Estimation and characterization","volume":"102","author":"D Cardoen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Resources, Conservation and Recycling"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apgeochem.2011.03.108","article-title":"Biochar application in a tropical, agricultural region: A plot scale study in Tamil Nadu","volume":"26","author":"U Mankasingh","year":"2011","journal-title":"India. Applied Geochemistry"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref019","volume-title":"Transitioning towards Climate Resilient Development in Karnataka\u2014Summary for Policy Makers","author":"Indian Institute of Science","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3238","DOI":"10.1111\/gcb.12600","article-title":"Perturbations in the carbon budget of the tropics","volume":"20","author":"J Grace","year":"2014","journal-title":"Global Change Biology"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.10.006","article-title":"Soil carbon sequestration in rainfed production systems in the semiarid tropics of India","volume":"487","author":"C Srinivasarao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-012-0081-1","article-title":"Agroforestry and biochar to offset climate change: a review","volume":"33","author":"I Stavi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agronomy for Sustainable Development"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resconrec.2015.06.002","article-title":"Agriculture biomass in India: Part 2. Post-harvest losses, cost and environmental impacts. Resources","volume":"101","author":"D Cardoen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Conservation and Recycling"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-010-0464-5","article-title":"Potential mechanisms for achieving agricultural benefits from biochar application to temperate soils: A review","volume":"337","author":"CJ Atkinson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant and Soil"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref025","volume-title":"Soil Fertility Atlas for Karnataka, India","author":"SP Wani","year":"2011"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2013.06.021","article-title":"Effects of biochar on soil properties and erosion potential in a highly weathered soil","volume":"110","author":"S-H Jien","year":"2013","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref027","volume-title":"A strategic input to the Sustainable Development in the 21st Century (SD21) project","author":"D Giovannucci","year":"2012"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref028","volume-title":"A Dictionary of Human Geography","author":"A Rogers","year":"2013","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-019-0586-y","article-title":"A social-ecological system evaluation to implement sustainably a biochar system in South India","volume":"39","author":"S M\u00fcller","year":"2019","journal-title":"Agronomy for Sustainable Development"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref030","unstructured":"Misra RV, Roy RN, Hiraoka H. On-farm Composting Methods. Land and Water Discussion Paper. Rome: FAO; 2003 p. 51."},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2010.11.011","article-title":"Transformation of buffalo manure by composting or vermicomposting to rehabilitate degraded tropical soils","volume":"37","author":"PT Ngo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2015.08.083","article-title":"Sustainability of using composting and vermicomposting technologies for organic solid waste biotransformation: Recent overview, greenhouse gases emissions and economic analysis","volume":"111","author":"SL Lim","year":"2016","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref033","first-page":"77","article-title":"Agricultural Bio-Waste Management in the Bhadrawathi Taluk of Karnataka State, India","volume":"5","author":"SJ Veeresh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioremediation, Biodiversity and Bioavailability"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203762264","volume-title":"Biochar for environmental management: science, technology and implementation","author":"J Lehmann","year":"2015","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2011.08.015","article-title":"A quantitative review of the effects of biochar application to soils on crop productivity using meta-analysis","volume":"144","author":"S Jeffery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2021.127143","article-title":"A critical review on biochar for enhancing biogas production from anaerobic digestion of food waste and sludge","volume":"305","author":"M Kumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Cleaner Production"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12037","article-title":"Biochar and its effects on plant productivity and nutrient cycling: A meta-analysis","volume":"5","author":"LA Biederman","year":"2013","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref038","article-title":"How biochar works, and when it doesn\u2019t: A review of mechanisms controlling soil and plant responses to biochar","author":"S Joseph","year":"2021","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1080\/1065657X.2011.10736972","article-title":"Do Compost and Vermicompost Improve Macronutrient Retention and Plant Growth in Degraded Tropical Soils?","volume":"19","author":"EP Jouquet","year":"2011","journal-title":"Compost Science & Utilization"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref040","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoleng.2016.01.011","article-title":"Mixing of biochar with organic amendments reduces carbon removal after field exposure under tropical conditions","volume":"91","author":"PT Ngo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ecological Engineering"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.2761","article-title":"Biochar-Based Fertilization with Liquid Nutrient Enrichment: 21 Field Trials Covering 13 Crop Species in Nepal","volume":"28","author":"HP Schmidt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Land Degradation and Development"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1038\/ngeo2154","article-title":"Biochar by design","volume":"7","author":"S Abiven","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature Geoscience"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref043","first-page":"851","volume-title":"Biochar for Environmental Management\u2014Science, Technology and Implementation","author":"S Joseph","year":"2015","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref044","first-page":"33","article-title":"The New Green Revolution: How Twenty-First-Century Science Can Feed the World","volume":"2","author":"O De Schutter","year":"2011","journal-title":"Solutions"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref045","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2010.07.002","article-title":"The rehabilitation of tropical soils using compost and vermicompost is affected by the presence of endogeic earthworms","volume":"46","author":"P Jouquet","year":"2010","journal-title":"Applied Soil Ecology"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref046","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cosust.2018.04.016","article-title":"Integrative research efforts at the boundary of biodiversity and global change research","volume":"29","author":"S Abiven","year":"2017","journal-title":"Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref047","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-017-0430-1","article-title":"Biochar research activities and their relation to development and environmental quality. A meta-analysis","volume":"37","author":"K Mehmood","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agronomy for Sustainable Development"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref048","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1596\/978-0-8213-9525-7","volume-title":"Biochar Systems for Smallholders in Developing Countries: Leveraging current knowledge and exploring future potential for climate-smart agriculture","author":"SM Scholz","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref049","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.16943\/ptinsa\/2016\/48488","article-title":"Influences of climate and agriculture on water and biogeochemical cycles: Kabini critical zone observatory","volume":"82","author":"M Sekhar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proceedings of the Indian National Science Academy"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref050","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3390\/w9010051","article-title":"Farm typology in the Berambadi Watershed (India): Farming systems are determined by farm size and access to groundwater","volume":"9","author":"M Robert","year":"2017","journal-title":"Water"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref051","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.catena.2006.10.013","article-title":"Using a structural approach to identify relationships between soil and erosion in a semi-humid forested area, South India","volume":"70","author":"L Barbi\u00e9ro","year":"2007","journal-title":"Catena"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref052","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.11.017","article-title":"Groundwater resource vulnerability and spatial variability of nitrate contamination: Insights from high density tubewell monitoring in a hard rock aquifer","volume":"579","author":"S Buvaneshwari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science of The Total Environment"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref053","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.geodrs.2021.e00389","article-title":"Mapping of tank silt application using Sentinel-2 images over the Berambadi catchment (India)","volume":"25","author":"C Gomez","year":"2021","journal-title":"Geoderma Regional"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref054","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1007\/s00374-005-0006-0","article-title":"Mineralisation of C and N from root, stem and leaf residues in soil and role of their biochemical quality","volume":"42","author":"S Abiven","year":"2005","journal-title":"Biology and Fertility of Soils"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref055","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1177\/1077800410364740","article-title":"Using Numbers in Qualitative Research","volume":"16","author":"JA Maxwell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Qualitative Inquiry"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref056","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1057\/9780230244276_3","volume-title":"Interviewing Experts","author":"A Bogner","year":"2009","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref057","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-531-91972-0_43","volume-title":"Handbuch Frauen- und Geschlechterforschung Theorie, Methoden, Empirie","author":"M Meuser","year":"2008","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref058","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-531-91826-6_23","volume-title":"Methoden der vergleichenden Politik- und Sozialwissenschaft\u2014Neue Entwicklungen und Andwendungen","author":"M Meuser","year":"2009","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref059","volume-title":"Qualitative Research Practice: A Guide for Social Science Students and Researchers","author":"J Lewis","year":"2003","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref060","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1137","DOI":"10.1177\/1049732307308450","article-title":"Theoretical Sampling and Category Development in Grounded Theory","volume":"17","author":"CB Draucker","year":"2007","journal-title":"Qualitative Health Research"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref061","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-531-93318-4_1","volume-title":"Grounded Theory Reader","author":"G Mey","year":"2011","edition":"2"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref062","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-531-18939-0","volume-title":"Handbuch Methoden der empirischen Sozialforschung","author":"N Baur","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref063","first-page":"1","volume-title":"The coding manual for qualitative researchers","author":"J. Saldana","year":"2009","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref064","volume-title":"Gesellschaft und Raum: Konzepte und Kategorien","author":"H Kaspar","year":"2006","edition":"1"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref065","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12132","article-title":"The way forward in biochar research: targeting trade-offs between the potential wins","volume":"7","author":"S Jeffery","year":"2015","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref066","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s00374-010-0489-1","article-title":"Charcoal does not change the decomposition rate of mixed litters in a mineral cambisol: A controlled conditions study","volume":"47","author":"S Abiven","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biology and Fertility of Soils"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref067","volume-title":"International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps","author":"IUSS Working Group WRB","year":"2014"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref068","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1071\/SR14118","article-title":"The ameliorating effects of biochar and compost on soil quality and plant growth on a Ferralsol","volume":"53","author":"G Agegnehu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soil Research"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref069","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.02.005","article-title":"Impact of compost, vermicompost and biochar on soil fertility, maize yield and soil erosion in Northern Vietnam: A three year mesocosm experiment","volume":"514","author":"TT Doan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref070","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/978-94-007-5961-9_9","volume-title":"Sustainable Agriculture Reviews","author":"J Martinez-Blanco","year":"2013"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref071","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s13593-017-0419-9","article-title":"Organic waste recycling in agriculture and related effects on soil water retention and plant available water: a review","volume":"37","author":"M Eden","year":"2017","journal-title":"Agronomy for Sustainable Development"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref072","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2007.07.004","article-title":"A review of the use of composted municipal solid waste in agriculture","volume":"123","author":"JC Hargreaves","year":"2008","journal-title":"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref073","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.1111\/gcbb.12026","article-title":"Assessing potential of biochar for increasing water-holding capacity of sandy soils","volume":"5","author":"AS Basso","year":"2013","journal-title":"GCB Bioenergy"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref074","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0108340","article-title":"Biochar-induced changes in soil hydraulic conductivity and dissolved nutrient fluxes constrained by laboratory experiments","volume":"9","author":"RT Barnes","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref075","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/602197","article-title":"Impacts of biochar on physical properties and erosion potential of a mudstone slopeland soil","author":"ZY Hseu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Scientific World Journal"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref076","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2015.01.061","article-title":"The love-hate relationship of pyrolysis biochar and water: A perspective","volume":"512\u2013513","author":"O Das","year":"2015","journal-title":"Science of the Total Environment"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref077","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1002\/jpln.201100172","article-title":"Short-term effect of biochar and compost on soil fertility and water status of a Dystric Cambisol in NE Germany under field conditions","volume":"175","author":"J Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref078","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s11104-009-0050-x","article-title":"Effects of biochar from slow pyrolysis of papermill waste on agronomic performance and soil fertility","volume":"327","author":"L van Zwieten","year":"2010","journal-title":"Plant and Soil"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref079","first-page":"13","article-title":"Plant growth improvement mediated by nitrate capture in co-composted biochar","volume":"5","author":"CI Kammann","year":"2015","journal-title":"Scientific Reports"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref080","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"265","DOI":"10.1080\/17583004.2014.923226","article-title":"The inorganic nutrient cost of building soil carbon","volume":"5","author":"AE Richardson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Carbon Management"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref081","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4738","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.7b01427","article-title":"Sequestering Soil Organic Carbon: A Nitrogen Dilemma","volume":"51","author":"JW Van Groenigen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environmental Science & Technology"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref082","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy3020275","article-title":"A Review of Biochar and Soil Nitrogen Dynamics","volume":"3","author":"T Clough","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref083","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1080\/03650340.2013.789870","article-title":"Effect of biochar on chemical properties of acidic soil","volume":"60","author":"R Chintala","year":"2014","journal-title":"Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref084","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"821","DOI":"10.1080\/00380768.2015.1052985","article-title":"pH effects of the addition of three biochars to acidic Indonesian mineral soils","volume":"61","author":"V Martinsen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Soil Science and Plant Nutrition"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref085","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.6849","article-title":"The use of vermicompost in organic farming: Overview, effects on soil and economics","volume":"95","author":"SL Lim","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref086","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/3158207","article-title":"The Effects of Biochar and Its Combination with Compost on Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) Growth, Soil Properties, and Soil Microbial Activity and Abundance","author":"D Trupiano","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Agronomy"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref087","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"404","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy3020404","article-title":"The Impact of Biochar Application on Soil Properties and Plant Growth of Pot Grown Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and Cabbage (Brassica chinensis)","volume":"3","author":"S Carter","year":"2013","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref088","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agee.2015.07.027","article-title":"Biochar and biochar-compost as soil amendments: Effects on peanut yield, soil properties and greenhouse gas emissions in tropical North Queensland, Australia","volume":"213","author":"G Agegnehu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref089","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13119-z","article-title":"Regulation of priming effect by soil organic matter stability over a broad geographic scale","volume":"10","author":"L Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nature Communications"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref090","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1022304332313","article-title":"Organic acid behavior in soils\u2014Misconceptions and knowledge gaps","volume":"248","author":"DL Jones","year":"2003","journal-title":"Plant and Soil"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref091","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1088\/1748-9326\/8\/4\/044049","article-title":"Heterogeneous global crop yield response to biochar: a meta-regression analysis","volume":"8","author":"A Crane-Droesch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Environmental Research Letters"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref092","unstructured":"Reddy SBN. BIOCHARCULTURE. Biochar for Environment and Development. 1st editio. AJ \u2018s-Hertogenbosch: MetaMeta; 2014."},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref093","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1017\/S1355770X05002779","article-title":"Slash-and-burn cultivation practice and agricultural input demand and output supply","volume":"11","author":"A Abdulai","year":"2006","journal-title":"Envir Dev Econ"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref094","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-8809(94)00531-I","article-title":"The ecological sustainability of slash-and-burn agriculture","volume":"52","author":"P. Kleinman","year":"1995","journal-title":"Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment"},{"key":"pone.0263302.ref095","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1002\/ldr.3203","article-title":"The effect of traditional slash-and-burn agriculture on soil organic matter, nutrient content, and microbiota in tropical ecosystems of Papua New Guinea","volume":"30","author":"J Kukla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Land Degrad Dev"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0263302","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T03:10:46Z","timestamp":1674616246000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0263302"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Primo","family":"Proietti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]},"references-count":95,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0263302","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,28]]}}}