{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,25]],"date-time":"2026-09-25T11:12:51Z","timestamp":1790334771185,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644192000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Mucosal immunity plays a crucial role in controlling upper respiratory infections, including influenza. We established a quantitative ELISA to measure the amount of influenza virus-specific salivery IgA (sIgA) and salivary IgG (sIgG) antibodies using a standard antibody broadly reactive to the influenza A virus. We then analyzed saliva and serum samples from seven individuals infected with the A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus during the 2019\u20132020 flu seasons. We detected an early (6\u201310 days post-infection) increase of sIgA in five of the seven samples and a later (3\u20135 weeks) increase of sIgG in six of the seven saliva samples. Although the conventional parenteral influenza vaccine did not induce IgA production in saliva, vaccinated individuals with a history of influenza infection had higher basal levels of sIgA than those without a history. Interestingly, we observed sIgA and sIgG in an asymptomatic individual who had close contact with two influenza cases. Both early mucosal sIgA secretion and late systemically induced sIgG in the mucosal surface may protect against virus infection. Despite the small sample size, our results indicate that the saliva test system can be useful for analyzing upper mucosal immunity in influenza.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263419","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]],"date-time":"2022-02-07T18:29:23Z","timestamp":1644258563000},"page":"e0263419","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Saliva as a useful tool for evaluating upper mucosal antibody response to influenza"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1168-8846","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Yasuko","family":"Tsunetsugu-Yokota","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sayaka","family":"Ito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Adachi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taishi","family":"Onodera","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tsutomu","family":"Kageyama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoshimasa","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0263419.ref001","volume-title":"Orthomyxoviruses.","author":"PF Wright","year":"2013","edition":"6"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0263419.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1038\/s41385-020-0287-5","article-title":"Seasonal and pandemic influenza: 100 years of progress, still much to learn","volume":"13","author":"J Dunning","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0263419.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4535","article-title":"A checkup for the flu vaccine","volume":"24","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"issue":"7838","key":"pone.0263419.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-03519-3","article-title":"How COVID-19 is changing the cold and flu season","volume":"588","author":"N. 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