{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,18]],"date-time":"2026-09-18T23:11:41Z","timestamp":1789773101127,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644278400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["K01DA046697"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K01DA046697"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["K25DA049944"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["K25DA049944"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["R21DA047520"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21DA047520"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000026","name":"National Institute on Drug Abuse","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21 DA048175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21 DA048175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000026","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    A growing body of research has reported on the potential opioid-sparing effects of cannabis and cannabinoids, but less is known about specific mechanisms. The present research examines cannabis-related posts in two large online communities on the Reddit platform (\u201csubreddits\u201d) to compare mentions of naturalistic cannabis use by persons self-identifying as actively using opioids versus persons in recovery. We extracted all posts mentioning cannabis-related keywords (e.g., \u201cweed\u201d, \u201ccannabis\u201d, \u201cmarijuana\u201d) from December 2015 through August 2019 from an opioid use subreddit and an opioid recovery subreddit. To investigate how cannabis is discussed at-scale, we identified and compared the most frequent phrases in cannabis-related posts in each subreddit using term-frequency-inverse document frequency (TF-IDF) weighting. To contextualize these findings, we also conducted a qualitative content analysis of 200 random posts (100 from each subreddit). Cannabis-related posts were about twice as prevalent in the recovery subreddit (n = 908; 5.4% of 16,791 posts) than in the active opioid use subreddit (n = 4,224; 2.6% of 159,994 posts,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; .001). The most frequent phrases from the recovery subreddit referred to time without using opioids and the possibility of using cannabis as a \u201ctreatment.\u201d The most frequent phrases from the opioid subreddit referred to concurrent use of cannabis and opioids. The most common motivations for using cannabis were to manage opioid withdrawal symptoms in the recovery subreddit, often in conjunction with anti-anxiety and GI-distress \u201ccomfort meds,\u201d and to enhance the \u201chigh\u201d when used in combination with opioids in the opioid subreddit. Despite limitations in generalizability from pseudonymous online posts, this examination of reports of naturalistic cannabis use in relation to opioid use identified withdrawal symptom management as a common motivation. Future research is warranted with more structured assessments that examines the role of cannabis and cannabinoids in addressing both somatic and affective symptoms of opioid withdrawal.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]],"date-time":"2022-02-08T13:27:43Z","timestamp":1644326863000},"page":"e0263583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["\u201cI got a bunch of weed to help me through the withdrawals\u201d: Naturalistic cannabis use reported in online opioid and opioid recovery community discussion forums"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5752-767X","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Meredith C.","family":"Meacham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0472-3671","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Alicia L.","family":"Nobles","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2112-2299","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"D. Andrew","family":"Tompkins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8929-9579","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Johannes","family":"Thrul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5152","key":"pone.0263583.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1419","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.mm675152e1","article-title":"Drug and Opioid-Involved Overdose Deaths\u2014United States, 2013\u20132017","volume":"67","author":"L Scholl","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep"},{"key":"pone.0263583.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2016.10.015","article-title":"Treatment utilization among persons with opioid use disorder in the United States","volume":"169","author":"LT Wu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Drug and alcohol dependence"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0263583.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1001\/jamainternmed.2014.4005","article-title":"Medical cannabis laws and opioid analgesic overdose mortality in the United States, 1999\u20132010","volume":"174","author":"MA Bachhuber","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA Intern Med"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0263583.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2016.03.002","article-title":"Cannabis Use Is Associated With Decreased Opiate Medication Use in a Retrospective Cross-Sectional Survey of Patients With Chronic Pain","volume":"17","author":"KF Boehnke","year":"2016","journal-title":"MedicalJ Pain"},{"key":"pone.0263583.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhealeco.2017.12.007","article-title":"Do medical marijuana laws reduce addictions and deaths related to pain killers?","volume":"58","author":"D Powell","year":"2018","journal-title":"J Health Econ"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0263583.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1827","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2017.304059","article-title":"Recreational Cannabis Legalization and Opioid-Related Deaths in Colorado, 2000\u20132015","volume":"107","author":"MD Livingston","year":"2017","journal-title":"American journal of public health"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263583.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1089\/can.2018.0022","article-title":"Emerging Evidence for Cannabis\u2019 Role in Opioid Use Disorder","volume":"3","author":"B Wiese","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cannabis Cannabinoid Res"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0263583.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1080\/09540261.2018.1509842","article-title":"What does the ecological and epidemiological evidence indicate about the potential for cannabinoids to reduce opioid use and harms? 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