{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,27]],"date-time":"2026-01-27T22:35:44Z","timestamp":1769553344976,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SEV-2017-0718"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SEV-2017-0718"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MTM2017-82379-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MTM2017-82379-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100014440","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovaci\u00f3n y Universidades","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-10490RB-100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-10490RB-100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100014440","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MTM2014-52184-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MTM2014-52184-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MTM2014-52184-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MTM2014-52184-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010198","name":"Ministerio de Econom\u00eda, Industria y Competitividad, Gobierno de Espa\u00f1a","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MTM2014-52184-P"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MTM2014-52184-P"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010198","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100011033","name":"Agencia Estatal de Investigaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2020-115882RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2020-115882RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100011033","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Epidemiological data are frequently recorded at coarse spatio-temporal resolutions to protect confidential information or to summarize it in a compact manner. However, the detailed patterns followed by the source data, which may be of interest to researchers and public health officials, are overlooked. We propose to use the penalized composite link model (Eilers PCH (2007)), combined with spatio-temporal P-splines methodology (Lee D.-J., Durban M (2011)) to estimate the underlying trend within data that have been aggregated not only in space, but also in time. Model estimation is carried out within a generalized linear mixed model framework, and sophisticated algorithms are used to speed up computations that otherwise would be unfeasible. The model is then used to analyze data obtained during the largest outbreak of Q-fever in the Netherlands.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T18:30:53Z","timestamp":1646937053000},"page":"e0263711","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Modeling latent spatio-temporal disease incidence using penalized composite link models"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8995-8535","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dae-Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda","family":"Durb\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6555-1506","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Diego","family":"Ayma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5926-6709","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jan","family":"Van de Kassteele","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0263711.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/0471662682","volume-title":"Applied Spatial Statistics for Public Health Data","author":"LA Waller","year":"2004"},{"key":"pone.0263711.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0006-341X.2001.00949.x","article-title":"Autoregressive spatial smoothing and temporal spline smoothing for mapping rates","volume":"57","author":"YC MacNab","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biometrics"},{"issue":"3-4","key":"pone.0263711.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1002\/env.1011","article-title":"Spatio-temporal modeling of mortality risks using penalized splines","volume":"21","author":"MD Ugarte","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environmetrics"},{"issue":"438","key":"pone.0263711.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1997.10474012","article-title":"Hierarchical Spatio-Temporal Mapping of Disease Rates","volume":"92","author":"LA Waller","year":"1997","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"17-18","key":"pone.0263711.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2555","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0258(20000915\/30)19:17\/18<2555::AID-SIM587>3.0.CO;2-#","article-title":"Bayesian modelling of inseparable space-time variation in disease risk","volume":"19","author":"L Knorr-Held","year":"2000","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"15","key":"pone.0263711.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2874","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.3103","article-title":"An autoregressive approach to spatio-temporal disease mapping","volume":"27","author":"MA Mart\u00ednez-Beneito","year":"2008","journal-title":"Statistics in Medicine"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0263711.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2008.00700.x","article-title":"Approximate Bayesian inference for latent Gaussian models by using integrated nested Laplace approximations","volume":"71","author":"H Rue","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0263711.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"725","DOI":"10.1002\/env.1065","article-title":"Spatio-temporal disease mapping using INLA","volume":"22","author":"B Schr\u00f6dle","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environmetrics"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0263711.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1177\/0962280214527528","article-title":"On fitting spatio-temporal disease mapping models using approximate Bayesian inference","volume":"23","author":"MD Ugarte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Statistical Methods in Medical Research"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0263711.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1848","DOI":"10.1002\/sim.6785","article-title":"Bayesian penalized spline models for the analysis of spatio-temporal count data","volume":"35","author":"C Bauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Statist Med"},{"key":"pone.0263711.ref011","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420072884","volume-title":"Handbook of Spatial Statistics","author":"AE Gelfand","year":"2010"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0263711.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1177\/1471082X0700700302","article-title":"Ill-posed problems with counts, the composite link model and penalized likelihood","volume":"7","author":"PCH Eilers","year":"2007","journal-title":"Statistical Modelling"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263711.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1177\/1471082X1001100104","article-title":"P-spline ANOVA-type interaction models for spatio-temporal smoothing","volume":"11","author":"D.-J. Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Statistical Modelling"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0263711.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2008.07.025","article-title":"Smooth-CAR mixed models for spatial count data","volume":"53","author":"D.-J. Lee","year":"2009","journal-title":"Computational Statistics and Data Analysis"},{"key":"pone.0263711.ref015","unstructured":"Rodr\u00edguez-\u00c1lvarez MX, Durb\u00e1n M, Lee D.-J., Eilers PHC. Spatio-temporal adaptive penalized splines with application to Neuroscience; 2016. Available from: http:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1610.06860."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0263711.ref016","first-page":"89","article-title":"Flexible smoothing with B-splines and penalties","volume":"11","author":"PHC Eilers","year":"1996","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"issue":"18","key":"pone.0263711.ref017","article-title":"Exploratory disease mapping: Kriging the spatial risk function from regional count data","volume":"3","author":"O Berke","year":"2004","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Geographics"},{"issue":"52","key":"pone.0263711.ref018","article-title":"Geostatistical analysis of disease data: Accounting for spatial support and population density in the isopleth mapping of cancer mortality risk using area-to-point Poisson kriging","volume":"5","author":"P Goovaerts","year":"2006","journal-title":"International Journal of Health Geographics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0263711.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1214\/13-STS441","article-title":"Spatial and spatio-temporal log-gaussian Cox processes: Extending the geostatistical paradigm","volume":"28","author":"PJ Diggle","year":"2013","journal-title":"Statistical Science"},{"key":"pone.0263711.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spasta.2016.06.007","article-title":"Penalized composite link models for aggregated spatial count data: A mixed model approach","volume":"17","author":"D Ayma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Spatial Statistics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0263711.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9876.00419","article-title":"A latent Gaussian Markov random-field model for spatiotemporal rainfall disaggregation","volume":"52","author":"DJ Allcroft","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series C: Applied Statistics"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0263711.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1029\/2005WR004721","article-title":"A stochastic nonparametric technique for space-time disaggregation of streamflows","volume":"43","author":"J Prairie","year":"2007","journal-title":"Water Resources Research"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0263711.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1623\/hysj.52.5.917","article-title":"Simulation and spatio-temporal disaggregation of multi-site rainfall data for urban drainage applications","volume":"52","author":"ML Segond","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hydrological Sciences Journal"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0263711.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1954","DOI":"10.1175\/JHM-D-12-013.1","article-title":"Stochastic space-time disaggregation of rainfall into dsd fields","volume":"13","author":"M Schleiss","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of Hydrometeorology"},{"key":"pone.0263711.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isprsjprs.2014.12.005","article-title":"Development of a spatio-temporal disaggregation method (DisNDVI) for generating a time series of fine resolution NDVI images","volume":"101","author":"VM Bindhu","year":"2015","journal-title":"ISPRS Journal of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing"},{"key":"pone.0263711.ref026","volume-title":"Geography Matters: Simulating the local impacts of national social policies","author":"D Ballas","year":"2005"},{"issue":"5857","key":"pone.0263711.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.2.5857.43","article-title":"Q Fever","volume":"2","author":"GL Brown","year":"1973","journal-title":"British Medical Journal"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263711.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1017\/S0950268810002268","article-title":"The Q fever epidemic in the Netherlands: History, onset, response and reflection","volume":"139","author":"HIJ Roest","year":"2011","journal-title":"Epidemiology and Infection"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0263711.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19520","DOI":"10.2807\/ese.15.12.19520-en","article-title":"Q fever in the Netherlands: An update on the epidemiology and control measures","volume":"15","author":"W van der Hoek","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eurosurveillance"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0263711.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.2307\/2346381","article-title":"Composite Link Functions in Generalized Linear Models","volume":"30","author":"R Thompson","year":"1981","journal-title":"Applied Statistics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263711.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csda.2004.07.008","article-title":"Fast and compact smoothing on large multidimensional grids","volume":"50","author":"PHC Eilers","year":"2006","journal-title":"Computational Statistics & Data Analysis"},{"issue":"421","key":"pone.0263711.ref032","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1993.10594284","article-title":"Approximate Inference in Generalized Linear Mixed Models","volume":"88","author":"NE Breslow","year":"1993","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0263711.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/58.3.545","article-title":"Recovery of inter-block information when block sizes are unequal","volume":"58","author":"HD Patterson","year":"1971","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0263711.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1111\/1467-9868.00183","article-title":"Inference in generalized additive mixed models by using smoothing splines","volume":"61","author":"X Lin","year":"1999","journal-title":"Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0263711.ref035","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-014-9464-2","article-title":"Fast smoothing parameter separation in multidimensional generalized P-splines: the SAP algorithm","volume":"25","author":"MX Rodr\u00edguez-\u00c1lvarez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Statistics and Computing"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0263711.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-9868.2006.00543.x","article-title":"Generalized linear array models with applications to multidimensional smoothing","volume":"68","author":"ID Currie","year":"2006","journal-title":"J R Statist Soc B"},{"issue":"358","key":"pone.0263711.ref037","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"320","DOI":"10.1080\/01621459.1977.10480998","article-title":"Maximum likelihood approaches to variance component estimation and to related problems","volume":"72","author":"DA Harville","year":"1977","journal-title":"Journal of the American Statistical Association"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0263711.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1093\/biomet\/78.4.719","article-title":"Estimation in generalized linear models with random effects","volume":"78","author":"R Schall","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biometrika"},{"key":"pone.0263711.ref039","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1007\/b98818","volume-title":"Matrix Algebra From a Statistician\u2019s Perspective","author":"DA Harville","year":"1997"},{"key":"pone.0263711.ref040","volume-title":"Generalized Additive Models","author":"TJ Hastie","year":"1990"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263711.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.4081\/gh.2012.111","article-title":"Smooth incidence maps give valuable insight into Q fever outbreaks in the Netherlands","volume":"7","author":"W van der Hoek","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geospatial Health"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0263711.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0227491","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0227491","article-title":"Spatial transmission risk during the 2007- 2010 Q fever epidemic in the Netherlands: Analysis of the farm-to-farm and farm-toresident transmission","volume":"15","author":"AA De Koeijer","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0263711.ref043","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1007\/s11222-018-9818-2","article-title":"On the estimation of variance parameters in non-standard generalised linear mixed models: application to penalised smoothing","volume":"29","author":"MX Rodr\u00edguez-\u00c1lvarez","year":"2019","journal-title":"Statistics and Computing"},{"key":"pone.0263711.ref044","author":"D Bates","year":"2015","journal-title":"Package \u2018Matrix\u2019 Sparse and Dense Matrix Classes and Methods Author"},{"key":"pone.0263711.ref045","unstructured":"Team R Development Core. A Language and Environment for Statistical Computing; 2018. Available from: http:\/\/www.r-project.org."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0263711","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,20]],"date-time":"2024-09-20T02:03:53Z","timestamp":1726797833000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0263711"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jaroslaw","family":"Harezlak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0263711","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]}}}