{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,30]],"date-time":"2026-05-30T00:57:27Z","timestamp":1780102647153,"version":"3.54.0"},"reference-count":34,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1648684800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common ocular surface neoplasia. The purpose of this retrospective study was to examine the role of regulatory T cell (Treg) activity in tumor immunity and investigate the tumor microenvironment as a new treatment focus in conjunctival SCC. Cancer progression gene array and immunohistochemical analyses of FOXP3 as a Treg marker, CD8 as a tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte marker, and CXCR4 expression on activated Tregs were conducted in a series of 31 conjunctival SCC cases. The objective was to investigate the immunoreactive response in tumor cells and stromal cells in the cancer microenvironment. The stroma ratio in tumor cells was investigated by monitoring \u03b1-smooth muscle actine (SMA) expression between carcinoma in situ (Tis) and advanced carcinoma (Tadv) (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01). No significant change in PD-L1 expression was observed in this study (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.15). Staining patterns of FOXP3, CD8, and CXCR4 were examined separately between tumor cells and stromal cells in SCC tumors. Differences in staining of FOXP3 in Tregs and CD8 in tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in tumor stroma in the Tis group were observed compared with the Tadv group (each<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01). In addition, double immunostaining of CXCR4\/FOXP3 was correlated with progression-free survival (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>= 0.049). Double immunostaining of CXCR4\/FOXP3 correlated with American Joint Committee on Cancer T-stage, independent of age or Ki67 index (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.01). Our results show that FOXP3 and the CXCR4\/FOXP3 axis are important pathologic and prognostic factors of ocular surface neoplasia, including SCC. The tumor microenvironment of conjunctival SCC should be considered in the future development of treatment options.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263895","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,31]],"date-time":"2022-03-31T17:46:44Z","timestamp":1648748804000},"page":"e0263895","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["FOXP3 and CXCR4-positive regulatory T cells in the tumor stroma as indicators of tumor immunity in the conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma 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