{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T21:25:11Z","timestamp":1790717111453,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1644883200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Small Grant Program"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Despite twelve rounds of school-based preventive chemotherapy for schistosomiasis in endemic areas of Tanzania such as Mtama district, Lindi: the burden of <jats:italic>Schistosoma haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection has remained highly conceivable due to re-infections. The factors associated with continuity of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> transmission in Mtama district, Lindi have not been fully established. This study investigated the burden and factors contributing to the ongoing transmission of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection in the endemic district of Mtama, Lindi.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>A quantitative cross-sectional survey was carried out among 649 school-age children in the Mtama district to determine the burden and factors associated with continuity of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection transmission. A single urine specimen was obtained from each pupil and tested for macro- and microhaematuria, presence of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> ova, as well intensity of infection; this was complemented with a survey of <jats:italic>Bulinus<\/jats:italic> spp snail intermediate hosts and their infectivity. A structured questionnaire was employed to gather information on individual and environmental risk factors for <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> transmission. Summary statistics were computed for individual variables; while a univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess the association between risk factors with <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Prevalence of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection by macro- and microhaematuria was 13.1% and 46.2% respectively. The prevalence of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> ova was 52.7%; intensity of infection was light in 53.1%, and heavy in 46.9%. Snail intermediate hosts were <jats:italic>Bulinus globosus<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>nasutus<\/jats:italic>, whose infectivity was 2.2% and 1.3%, respectively. Among the assessed risk factors, long residency (10\u201313 years) in the area was a significant risk factor for the continuity of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> transmission (AOR: 21.79, 95% CI: 1.37\u2013346.4).<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>The observed 52.7% prevalence of <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.<jats:italic>haematobium<\/jats:italic> infection represents unacceptably high prevalence after 12 rounds of preventive chemotherapy. Therefore, an urgent need for the implementation of integrated multiple control interventions in the Mtama district; is considered to be imperative.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0263929","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]],"date-time":"2022-02-15T18:55:21Z","timestamp":1644951321000},"page":"e0263929","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":30,"title":["Persistence of Schistosoma haematobium transmission among school children and its implication for the control of urogenital schistosomiasis in Lindi, Tanzania"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9732-3057","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Vivian","family":"Mushi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9380-6158","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Abdallah","family":"Zacharia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Shao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marycelina","family":"Mubi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donath","family":"Tarimo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,15]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0263929.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"829","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-36709-1","article-title":"Urogenital schistosomiasis is associated with signatures of microbiome dysbiosis in Nigerian adolescents.","volume":"9","author":"O Ajibola","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci Rep"},{"key":"pone.0263929.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. 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