{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,2]],"date-time":"2026-09-02T02:22:56Z","timestamp":1788315776474,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645660800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"roche diagnostic international ltd"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The vast majority of COVID-19 cases both symptomatic and asymptomatic develop immunity after COVID-19 contagion. Whether lasting differences exist between infection and vaccination boosted immunity is yet to be known. The aim of this study was to determine how long total anti-SARS-CoV2 antibodies due to past infection persist in peripheral blood and whether sex, age or haematological features can influence their lasting.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Material and methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A series of 2421 donations either of SARS-CoV-2 convalescent plasma or whole blood from 1107 repeat donors from January 2020 to March 2021 was analysed. An automated chemiluminescence immunoassay for total antibodies recognizing the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 in human serum and plasma was performed. Sex, age, blood group, blood cell counts and percentages and immunoglobulin concentrations were extracted from electronic recordings. Blood donation is allowed after a minimum of one-month post symptom\u2019s relapse. Donors were 69.7% males and their average age was 46. The 250 donors who had later donations after a positive one underwent further analysis. Both qualitative (positivity) and quantitative (rise or decline of optical density regarding consecutive donations) outcomes were evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results and discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 97.6% of donors with follow-up, anti-SARS-CoV-2 protein N total antibodies remained positive at the end of a follow-up period of 12.4 weeks median time (1\u201346, SD = 9.65) after the first positive determination. The blood group was not related to antibody waning. Lower lymphocyte counts and higher neutrophils would help predict future waning or decay of antibodies. Most recovered donors maintain their total anti-SARS-CoV-2 N protein antibodies for at least 16 weeks (at least one month must have been awaited from infection resolution to blood donation). The 10 individuals that could be followed up longer than 40 weeks (approximately 44 weeks after symptom\u2019s relapse) were all still positive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264124","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T13:48:25Z","timestamp":1645710505000},"page":"e0264124","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Persistence of SARS-CoV-2 total immunoglobulins in a series of convalescent plasma and blood donors"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8785-4225","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"M. Carmen","family":"Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ana","family":"Jimenez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuria","family":"Ortega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alba","family":"Parrado","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Isabel","family":"Page","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Isabel","family":"Gonzalez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Blanco-Peris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0264124.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"158","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.08.017","article-title":"Robust T Cell Immunity in Convalescent Individuals with Asymptomatic or Mild COVID-19","volume":"183","author":"T Sekine","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0264124.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1116","article-title":"Serosurveillance for Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Incidence Using Global Blood Donor Populations","volume":"72","author":"Mars Stone Michael P Busch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clinical Infectious Diseases"},{"key":"pone.0264124.ref003","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 infection induces long-lived bone marrow plasma cells in humans","author":"JS Turner","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nature"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0264124.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/vox.13060","article-title":"Evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 antibody titers and potency for convalescent plasma donation: a brief commentary","volume":"116","author":"E Wouters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Vox Sang"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0264124.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01828","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01828-20","article-title":"Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike versus Nucleoprotein Antibody Responses Impact the Estimates of Infections in Population-Based Seroprevalence Studies","volume":"95","author":"C Fenwick","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0264124.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-020-00588-2","article-title":"A longitudinal study of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients reveals a high correlation between neutralizing antibodies and COVID-19 severity","volume":"18","author":"V Legros","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Mol Immunol"},{"key":"pone.0264124.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"708523","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.708523","article-title":"Declining Levels of Neutralizing Antibodies Against SARS-CoV-2 in Convalescent COVID-19 Patients One Year Post Symptom Onset","volume":"12","author":"T Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0264124.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01991","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01991-20","article-title":"S Protein-Reactive IgG and Memory B Cell Production after Human SARS-CoV-2 Infection Includes Broad Reactivity to the S2 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Netea","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Invest"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0264124.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2701.203611","article-title":"Intrafamilial Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 Associated with Cellular Immune Response without Seroconversion, France","volume":"27","author":"F Gallais","year":"2021","journal-title":"Emerg Infect Dis"},{"key":"pone.0264124.ref013","first-page":"I","article-title":"SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and gender-related haematological features in asymptomatic blood donors","author":"MC Mart\u00edn","year":"2021","journal-title":"medRxiv"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0264124.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.109570","article-title":"Differential effects of the second SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine dose on T cell immunity in naive and COVID-19 recovered individuals","volume":"36","author":"D Lozano-Ojalvo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell 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Results of 10 month follow up in over 300 seropositive Health Care Workers","volume":"25","author":"JF Varona","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur J Intern Med"},{"key":"pone.0264124.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-020-00194-w","article-title":"COVID-19: age, Interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, and lymphocytes as key clues from a multicentre retrospective study","volume":"17","author":"A Jurado","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0264124.ref021","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12979-021-00237-w","article-title":"The age again in the eye of the COVID-19 storm: evidence-based decision making","volume":"18","author":"MC Mart\u00edn","year":"2021","journal-title":"Immun Ageing"},{"key":"pone.0264124.ref022","article-title":"Identification of Parameters Representative of Immune Dysfunction in Patients with Severe and Fatal COVID-19 Infection: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis [published online ahead of print, 2022 Jan 18]","author":"R Qin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Clin Rev Allergy Immunol"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0264124.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e531","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/ciaa1143","article-title":"Longitudinal Dynamics of the Neutralizing Antibody Response to Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection","volume":"73","author":"K Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin Infect Dis"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0264124.ref024","first-page":"3886","article-title":"Infectious agents including COVID-19 and the involvement of blood coagulation and fibrinolysis. A narrative review","volume":"25","author":"F Marongiu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci."},{"key":"pone.0264124.ref025","first-page":"1","article-title":"Distinct phenotypes of platelet, monocyte, and neutrophil activation occur during the acute and convalescent phase of COVID-19.","volume":"17","author":"Y Chao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Platelets"},{"issue":"3","key":"pone.0264124.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01828","DOI":"10.1128\/JVI.01828-20","article-title":"Changes in SARS-CoV-2 Spike versus Nucleoprotein Antibody Responses Impact the Estimates of Infections in Population-Based Seroprevalence Studies","volume":"95","author":"C Fenwick","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Virol"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0264124.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0965-6","article-title":"Clinical and immunological assessment of asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infections","volume":"26","author":"QX Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat Med"},{"key":"pone.0264124.ref028","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595343","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.595343","article-title":"In Nasal Mucosal Secretions, Distinct IFN and IgA Responses Are Found in Severe and Mild SARS-CoV-2 Infection.","volume":"12","author":"JMB Dos Santos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front Immunol"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0264124.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5538","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-84913-3","article-title":"Antibody isotype diversity against SARS-CoV-2 is associated with differential serum neutralization capacities","volume":"11","author":"MG Noval","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci Rep."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0264124","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]],"date-time":"2022-02-24T13:49:00Z","timestamp":1645710540000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0264124"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Jishnu","family":"Das","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]},"references-count":29,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0264124","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.06.24.21259079","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,24]]}}}