{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,29]],"date-time":"2026-10-29T02:10:40Z","timestamp":1793239840381,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1666051200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000266","name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","award":["EP\/K031910\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EP\/K031910\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000266","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sit-to-stand transitions are an important part of activities of daily living and play a key role in functional mobility in humans. The sit-to-stand movement is often affected in older adults due to frailty and in patients with motor impairments such as Parkinson\u2019s disease leading to falls. Studying kinematics of sit-to-stand transitions can provide insight in assessment, monitoring and developing rehabilitation strategies for the affected populations. We propose a three-segment body model for estimating sit-to-stand kinematics using only two wearable inertial sensors, placed on the shank and back. Reducing the number of sensors to two instead of one per body segment facilitates monitoring and classifying movements over extended periods, making it more comfortable to wear while reducing the power requirements of sensors. We applied this model on 10 younger healthy adults (YH), 12 older healthy adults (OH) and 12 people with Parkinson\u2019s disease (PwP). We have achieved this by incorporating unique sit-to-stand classification technique using unsupervised learning in the model based reconstruction of angular kinematics using extended Kalman filter. Our proposed model showed that it was possible to successfully estimate thigh kinematics despite not measuring the thigh motion with inertial sensor. We classified sit-to-stand transitions, sitting and standing states with the accuracies of 98.67%, 94.20% and 91.41% for YH, OH and PwP respectively. We have proposed a novel integrated approach of modelling and classification for estimating the body kinematics during sit-to-stand motion and successfully applied it on YH, OH and PwP groups.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264126","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]],"date-time":"2022-10-18T17:41:24Z","timestamp":1666114884000},"page":"e0264126","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["A novel approach for modelling and classifying sit-to-stand kinematics using inertial sensors"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9546-2843","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Maitreyee","family":"Wairagkar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Villeneuve","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"King","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Balazs","family":"Janko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malcolm","family":"Burnett","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veena","family":"Agarwal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4449-1414","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Dorit","family":"Kunkel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann","family":"Ashburn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Simon","family":"Sherratt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Holderbaum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William S.","family":"Harwin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0264126.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yang CCC, Hsu YLL. A review of accelerometry-based wearable motion detectors for physical activity monitoring; 2010. Available from: http:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/10\/8\/7772.","DOI":"10.3390\/s100807772"},{"issue":"12","key":"pone.0264126.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11556","DOI":"10.3390\/s101211556","article-title":"The Use of Wearable Inertial Motion Sensors in Human Lower Limb Biomechanics Studies: A Systematic Review","volume":"10","author":"D Fong","year":"2010","journal-title":"Sensors"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0264126.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/82.9.866","article-title":"Determinants of the Sit-to-Stand Movement: A Review","volume":"82","author":"WG Janssen","year":"2002","journal-title":"Physical Therapy"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0264126.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.3200\/JMBR.36.1.104-114","article-title":"Form and Variability During Sit-to-Stand Transitions: Children Versus Adults","volume":"36","author":"PL Guarrera-Bowlby","year":"2004","journal-title":"Journal of Motor Behavior"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0264126.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2012.10.008","article-title":"Automated approach for quantifying the repeated sit-to-stand using one body fixed sensor in young and older adults","volume":"38","author":"RC Van Lummel","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0264126.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2002.800763","article-title":"Measurement of stand-sit and sit-stand transitions using a miniature gyroscope and its application in fall risk evaluation in the elderly","volume":"49","author":"B Najafi","year":"2002","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"issue":"9","key":"pone.0264126.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1086","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2011.04.015","article-title":"Multi-parametric evaluation of sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit transitions in elderly people","volume":"33","author":"R Ganea","year":"2011","journal-title":"Medical Engineering and Physics"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0264126.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"688","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2012.2202691","article-title":"Detection and classification of postural transitions in real-world conditions","volume":"20","author":"R Ganea","year":"2012","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0264126.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apergo.2009.04.005","article-title":"Frequency of the sit to stand task: An observational study of free-living adults","volume":"41","author":"PM Dall","year":"2010","journal-title":"Applied Ergonomics"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0264126.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"75","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-9-75","article-title":"Sit-stand and stand-sit transitions in older adults and patients with Parkinson\u2019s disease: event detection based on motion sensors versus force plates","volume":"9","author":"A Zijlstra","year":"2012","journal-title":"Journal of neuroengineering and rehabilitation"},{"key":"pone.0264126.ref011","article-title":"Wearable sensor use for assessing standing balance and walking stability in people with Parkinson\u2019s disease: A systematic review","author":"RP Hubble","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"pone.0264126.ref012","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucom.2014.09.084","article-title":"Posture transition identification on PD patients through a SVM-based technique and a single waist-worn accelerometer","volume":"164","author":"D Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00edn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurocomputing"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0264126.ref013","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.08.034","article-title":"Distinguishing the causes of falls in humans using an array of wearable tri-axial accelerometers","volume":"39","author":"O Aziz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait and Posture"},{"key":"pone.0264126.ref014","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/3703745","article-title":"Could In-Home Sensors Surpass Human Observation of People with Parkinson\u2019s at High Risk of Falling? An Ethnographic Study","volume":"2016","author":"E Stack","year":"2016","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"pone.0264126.ref015","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Doheny EP, Fan CW, Foran T, Greene BR, Cunningham C, Kenny RA. An instrumented sit-to-stand test used to examine differences between older fallers and non-fallers. In: Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS. vol. 2011; 2011. p. 3063\u20133066.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2011.6090837"},{"key":"pone.0264126.ref016","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1186\/1756-0500-7-100","article-title":"Differences in trunk accelerometry between frail and non-frail elderly persons in functional tasks","volume":"7","author":"A Gal\u00e1n-mercant","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMC research notes"},{"key":"pone.0264126.ref017","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ganea R, Paraschiv-Lonescu A, Salarian A, B\u00fcla C, Martin E, Rochat S, et al. Kinematics and dynamic complexity of postural transitions in frail elderly subjects. In: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology\u2014Proceedings; 2007. p. 6117\u20136120.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4353745"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0264126.ref018","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2013.06.005","article-title":"Validity of using tri-axial accelerometers to measure human movement\u2014Part I: Posture and movement detection","volume":"36","author":"V Lugade","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medical engineering & physics"},{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0264126.ref019","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2014.02.006","article-title":"Validity of using tri-axial accelerometers to measure human movement\u2014Part II: Step counts at a wide range of gait velocities","volume":"36","author":"E Fortune","year":"2014","journal-title":"Medical Engineering & Physics"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0264126.ref020","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1131","DOI":"10.1109\/JBHI.2013.2286697","article-title":"Drift-free position estimation for periodic movements using inertial units","volume":"18","author":"N Millor","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Journal of Biomedical and Health Informatics"},{"key":"pone.0264126.ref021","first-page":"113","article-title":"Identification of Sit-to-Stand and Stand-to-Sit transitions using a single inertial sensor","volume":"vol. 177","author":"D Rodr\u00edguez-Mart\u00edn","year":"2012","journal-title":"Studies in Health Technology and Informatics"},{"issue":"8","key":"pone.0264126.ref022","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1016\/j.simpat.2008.05.005","article-title":"Model based inertial sensing of human body motion kinematics in sit-to-stand movement","volume":"16","author":"J Musi\u0107","year":"2008","journal-title":"Simulation Modelling Practice and Theory"},{"issue":"5","key":"pone.0264126.ref023","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1109\/TNSRE.2014.2331895","article-title":"Kinematic parameters to evaluate functional performance of sit-to-stand and stand-to-sit transitions using motion sensor devices: A systematic review","volume":"22","author":"N Millor","year":"2014","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering"},{"key":"pone.0264126.ref024","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bidargaddi N, Klingbeil L, Sarela A, Boyle J, Cheung V, Yelland C, et al. Wavelet based approach for posture transition estimation using a waist worn accelerometer. In: 2007 29th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE; 2007. p. 1884\u20131887. Available from: http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/4352683\/.","DOI":"10.1109\/IEMBS.2007.4352683"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0264126.ref025","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2013.07.122","article-title":"Sensitivity of sensor-based sit-to-stand peak power to the effects of training leg strength, leg power and balance in older adults","volume":"39","author":"GRH Regterschot","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gait & Posture"},{"key":"pone.0264126.ref026","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Godfrey A, Barry G, Mathers JC, Rochester L. A comparison of methods to detect postural transitions using a single tri-axial accelerometer. In: 2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE; 2014. p. 6234\u20136237. Available from: http:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/6945053\/.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2014.6945053"},{"key":"pone.0264126.ref027","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jovanov E, Milosevic M, Milenkovic A. A mobile system for assessment of physiological response to posture transitions. In: Proceedings of the Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, EMBS. vol. 35899; 2013. p. 7205\u20137208.","DOI":"10.1109\/EMBC.2013.6611220"},{"issue":"Cdc 2010","key":"pone.0264126.ref028","first-page":"224","article-title":"Wavelet based automated postural event detection and activity classification with single IMU","volume":"49","author":"TE Lockhart","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biomedical Sciences Instrumentation"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0264126.ref029","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/1743-0003-3-4","article-title":"Gait analysis methods in rehabilitation","volume":"3","author":"R Baker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of NeuroEngineering and Rehabilitation"},{"key":"pone.0264126.ref030","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Avci A, Bosch S, Marin-Perianu M, Marin-Perianu R, Havinga P. Activity Recognition Using Inertial Sensing for Healthcare, Wellbeing and Sports Applications: A Survey. Architecture of computing systems (ARCS), 2010 23rd international conference on. 2010; p. 1\u201310. https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/978-3-319-13105-4 17","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13105-4"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0264126.ref031","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiomech.2004.11.021","article-title":"The accuracy of measuring the kinematics of rising from a chair with accelerometers and gyroscopes","volume":"39","author":"MC Boonstra","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Biomechanics"},{"key":"pone.0264126.ref032","unstructured":"Roetenberg D, Luinge H, Slycke P. Xsens MVN: full 6DOF human motion tracking using miniature inertial sensors. Xsens Motion Technologies BV, Tech Rep. 2009;1."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0264126.ref033","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.medengphy.2006.11.010","article-title":"Use of multiple wearable inertial sensors in upper limb motion tracking","volume":"30","author":"H Zhou","year":"2008","journal-title":"Medical Engineering & Physics"},{"key":"pone.0264126.ref034","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2351","DOI":"10.1109\/ACCESS.2016.2640559","article-title":"Reconstruction of Angular Kinematics From Wrist-Worn Inertial Sensor Data for Smart Home Healthcare","volume":"5","author":"E Villeneuve","year":"2017","journal-title":"IEEE Access"},{"key":"pone.0264126.ref035","volume-title":"Introduction to Robotics: Mechanics and Control","author":"JJ Craig","year":"2005","edition":"3"},{"issue":"11","key":"pone.0264126.ref036","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2007.903521","article-title":"Probabilistic Inference of Multijoint Movements, Skeletal Parameters and Marker Attachments From Diverse Motion Capture Data","volume":"54","author":"E Todorov","year":"2007","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"},{"key":"pone.0264126.ref037","volume-title":"An Introduction to the Kalman Filter","author":"G Welch","year":"1995"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0264126.ref038","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1002\/wics.103","article-title":"Scott\u2019s rule","volume":"2","author":"DW Scott","year":"2010","journal-title":"Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics"},{"key":"pone.0264126.ref039","unstructured":"Arthur D, Vassilvitskii S. k-means++: The Advantages of Careful Seeding. In: Proceedings of the eighteenth annual ACM-SIAM symposium on Discrete algorithms. Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics; 2007. p. 1027\u20131035. Available from: https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/citation.cfm?id=128338."},{"key":"pone.0264126.ref040","unstructured":"Wittenburg P, Brugman H, Russel A, Klassmann A, Sloetjes H. ELAN: a professional framework for multimodality research. In: 5th Proceedings of LREC; 2006. Available from: https:\/\/pure.mpg.de\/pubman\/faces\/ViewItemOverviewPage.jsp?itemId=item_60436."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0264126.ref041","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2015.015","article-title":"Understanding Bland Altman analysis","volume":"25","author":"D Giavarina","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochemia Medica"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0264126.ref042","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1385","DOI":"10.1109\/TBME.2006.873678","article-title":"Estimation and Visualization of Sagittal Kinematics of Lower Limbs Orientation Using Body-Fixed Sensors","volume":"53","author":"H Dejnabadi","year":"2006","journal-title":"IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering"}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0264126","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,11,29]],"date-time":"2023-11-29T02:33:26Z","timestamp":1701225206000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0264126"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Anwar","family":"P.P. Abdul Majeed","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"editor"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]},"references-count":42,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0264126","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,10,18]]}}}