{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,11]],"date-time":"2026-01-11T01:36:24Z","timestamp":1768095384700,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646784000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n<jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Tuberculosis burden among the incarcerated population is generally higher than that of general population. Early diagnosis and prompt initiation of treatment are key strategies to contain disease transmission. The aim of this study was to determine the time to treatment initiation among inmates with new smear or Xpert MTB\/RIF positive pulmonary tuberculosis and explore risk factors associated with delayed treatment initiation in prison settings.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n<jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>We conducted a retrospective cohort study using routine health care data from prison settings in Kzrgyz Republic on new pulmonary tuberculosis patients confirmed by smear microscopy or GeneXpert MTB\/RIF during 2014\u20132019. We computed delay in start of treatment\u2014days from specimen collection to treatment initiation\u2014for exposure variables. We dichotomized treatment delay using 10-day cut-off point,and used logistic regression to identify factors associated with treatment delay.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n<jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Among 406 cases included into analysis, the median delay to treatment initiation was 7 days [IQR: 2\u201316 days]. Using 10-day cut-off, 189 (46.6%) patients had delayed treatment initiation. Treatment delay was negatively associated with smear positivity [adjusted OR (aOR) = 0.44, 95% CI 0.29\u20130.68] compared to smear negative patients, while patients with isoniazid resistant (aOR = 2.61, 95%CI 1.49\u20134.56) and rifampicin resistant tuberculosis (aOR = 4.14, 95%CI 2.56\u20136.77) had increased delay compared to patients who were sensitive for both rifampicin and isoniazid.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>\n<jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n<jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n<jats:p>Timely diagnosis and effective treatment remain the cornerstone of TB control program populations in the general and in prison settings in particular. Prison authorities need to address all potential areas of delay in TB diagnosis and treatment to strengthen their TB control efforts so that prisons remain free of TB for detainees, prison staff and visitors. These include improved supply of TB drugs, early detection of TB cases and improved collaboration with the health authorities outside the prison system.<\/jats:p>\n<\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T18:34:05Z","timestamp":1646850845000},"page":"e0264252","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Time to start of tuberculosis treatment in penitentiary system of Kyrgyz Republic: A retrospective cohort study"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Nazgul","family":"Soltobekova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Turatbek","family":"Kozukeev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ghirmai","family":"Yiehdego","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Fatah","family":"Labib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7904-9071","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Arax","family":"Hovhannesyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7761-7162","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Rodolfo","family":"Rossi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"pone.0264252.ref001","unstructured":"WHO Regional Office for Europe\/European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Tuberculosis surveillance and monitoring in Europe 2020\u20132018 data. Stockholm; 2020."},{"key":"pone.0264252.ref002","unstructured":"World Health Organization. Global tuberculosis report 2019. Geneva; 2019."},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0264252.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1093\/epirev\/mxx014","article-title":"Dynamic Models of Infectious Disease Transmission in Prisons and the General Population","volume":"40","author":"ML Ndeffo-Mbah","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epidemiol Rev"},{"issue":"10050","key":"pone.0264252.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30856-X","article-title":"The perfect storm: incarceration and the high-risk environment perpetuating transmission of HIV, hepatitis C virus, and tuberculosis","volume":"388","author":"FL Altice","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0264252.ref005","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.5588\/ijtld.12.0909","article-title":"Time to act to prevent and control tuberculosis among inmates: A statement of the International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Disease","volume":"17","author":"M Dara","year":"2013","journal-title":"Int J Tuberc Lung Dis"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0264252.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e0159579","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0159579","article-title":"Total Delay Is Associated with Unfavorable Treatment Outcome among Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in West Gojjam Zone, Northwest Ethiopia: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"11","author":"SB Gebreegziabher","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"pone.0264252.ref007","article-title":"A systematic review of delay in the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis","volume":"Vol. 8","author":"DG Storla","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Public Health. 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FAST: A tuberculosis Infection Control Strategy. 2013."}],"container-title":["PLOS ONE"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0264252","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]],"date-time":"2022-03-09T18:34:28Z","timestamp":1646850868000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/dx.plos.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0264252"}},"subtitle":[],"editor":[{"given":"Afsheen","family":"Raza","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"editor","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]},"references-count":24,"journal-issue":{"issue":"3","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]}},"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.0264252","relation":{},"ISSN":["1932-6203"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1932-6203","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,9]]}}}