{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T22:21:11Z","timestamp":1785363671881,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":21,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\"><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Blood oxygen level\u2013dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-MRI) can measure deoxyhemoglobin content. This study aims to evaluate the capacity of BOLD-MRI, which is possible to evaluate the oxygenation state of kidneys with renal artery stenosis (RAS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec002\"><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We performed BOLD-MRI for 40 patients with RAS and for 30 healthy volunteers. We then performed post-scan processing and analysis of manually drawn regions of interest to determine R2* values (relaxation rates) for the renal cortex and medulla. We compared R2* values in patients with RAS with those in the control group, and also compared these values for subgroups with varying degrees of stenosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec003\"><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Medulla R2* values were higher than cortex R2* values in the control group. There was no significant difference in R2* values for different segments (upper, middle, lower) of the kidneys. Both cortex and medulla R2* values in patients with RAS were significantly higher than corresponding R2* values in the control group (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05), and BOLD-MRI was more sensitive to changes in the R2* values in the medulla than in the cortex. Among different subgroups in the RAS group, the medulla R2* values were significantly higher in kidneys with severe stenosis than in those with no obvious obstruction, mild stenosis, or moderate stenosis (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&lt; 0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec id=\"sec004\"><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>BOLD-MRI is an effective, noninvasive method for evaluating kidney oxygenation, which is important for proper treatment in RAS. It is sufficiently sensitive for detecting medulla ischemia and anoxia of the kidneys.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264630","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]],"date-time":"2022-03-10T18:32:03Z","timestamp":1646937123000},"page":"e0264630","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Cortical and medullary oxygenation evaluation of kidneys with renal artery stenosis by BOLD-MRI"],"prefix":"10.1371","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Long","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guoqi","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fanyu","family":"Meng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7538-4761","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Zhonghua","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5617-7054","authenticated-orcid":true,"given":"Jiayi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,10]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"pone.0264630.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1051","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80485-7","article-title":"fMRI of monkey visual cortex","volume":"20","author":"L Stefanacci","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0264630.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1097\/RMR.0000000000000119","article-title":"Resting-State BOLD MRI for Perfusion and Ischemia","volume":"26","author":"H Kroll","year":"2017","journal-title":"Top Magn Reson Imaging"},{"issue":"1105","key":"pone.0264630.ref003","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20190562","DOI":"10.1259\/bjr.20190562","article-title":"Non-invasive assessment of early stage diabetic nephropathy by DTI and BOLD MRI","volume":"93","author":"YZ Feng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Br J Radiol."},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0264630.ref004","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604","DOI":"10.1007\/s00261-018-1750-6","article-title":"Application of BOLD-MRI in the classification of renal function in chronic kidney disease","volume":"44","author":"C Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Abdom Radiol (NY)."},{"issue":"90","key":"pone.0264630.ref005","first-page":"255","article-title":"Mechanisms and treatments for renal artery stenosis","volume":"16","author":"ST Haller","year":"2013","journal-title":"Discov Med"},{"issue":"2","key":"pone.0264630.ref006","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1148\/radiology.210.2.r99fe44367","article-title":"Renal artery stenosis: evaluation with conventional angiography versus gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography","volume":"210","author":"M Gilfeather","year":"1999","journal-title":"Radiology"},{"issue":"10","key":"pone.0264630.ref007","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.0000142443.52606.81","article-title":"Cortical microvascular remodeling in the stenotic kidney: role of increased oxidative stress","volume":"24","author":"XY Zhu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0264630.ref008","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1205","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq538","article-title":"Evolution of renal oxygen content measured by BOLD MRI downstream a chronic renal artery stenosis","volume":"26","author":"N Rognant","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol Dial Transplant"},{"issue":"24","key":"pone.0264630.ref009","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9868","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.87.24.9868","article-title":"Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation","volume":"87","author":"S Ogawa","year":"1990","journal-title":"Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A"},{"issue":"7","key":"pone.0264630.ref010","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1038\/ki.2011.462","article-title":"Renal BOLD-MRI and assessment for renal hypoxia","volume":"81","author":"J. 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