{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,6]],"date-time":"2026-05-06T23:47:29Z","timestamp":1778111249187,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Public Library of Science (PLoS)","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["www.plosone.org"],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["PLoS ONE"],"abstract":"<jats:sec id=\"sec001\">\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The genomic miscellany of malaria parasites can help inform the intensity of malaria transmission and identify potential deficiencies in malaria control programs. This study was aimed at investigating the genomic miscellany, allele frequencies, and MOI of\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec002\">\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 85\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      confirmed isolates out of 100 were included in this study that were collected from\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      patients aged 4 months to 60 years in nine districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa Province. Parasite DNA was extracted from 200\u00b5L whole blood samples using the Qiagen DNA extraction kit following the manufacturer\u2019s instructions. The polymorphic regions of\n                      <jats:italic>msp-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>glurp<\/jats:italic>\n                      loci were genotyped using nested PCR followed by gel electrophoresis for amplified fragments identification and subsequent data analysis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec003\">\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Out of 85\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections detected, 30 were\n                      <jats:italic>msp-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 32 were\n                      <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                      alleles specific. Successful amplification occurred in 88.23% (75\/85) isolates for\n                      <jats:italic>msp-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , 78.9% (67\/85) for\n                      <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 70% (60\/85) for\n                      <jats:italic>glurp<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene. In\n                      <jats:italic>msp-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the K1 allelic family was predominantly prevalent as 66.66% (50\/75), followed by RO33 and MAD20. The frequency of samples with single infection having only K1, MAD20 and RO33 were 21.34% (16\/75), 8% (6\/75), and 10.67% (8\/75), respectively. In\n                      <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , both the FC27 and 3D7 allelic families revealed almost the same frequencies as 70.14% (47\/67) and 67.16% (45\/67), respectively. Nine\n                      <jats:italic>glurp<\/jats:italic>\n                      RII region alleles were identified in 60 isolates. The overall mean multiplicity of infection for\n                      <jats:italic>msp<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes was 1.6 with 1.8 for\n                      <jats:italic>msp-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 1.4 for\n                      <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                      , while for\n                      <jats:italic>glurp<\/jats:italic>\n                      the MOI was 1.03. There was no significant association between multiplicity of infection and age groups (Spearman\u2019s rank coefficient = 0.050;\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.6) while MOI and parasite density correlated for only\n                      <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                      allelic marker.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec id=\"sec004\">\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The study showed high genetic diversity and allelic frequency with multiple clones of\n                      <jats:italic>msp-1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>msp-2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>glurp<\/jats:italic>\n                      in\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                      <jats:italic>falciparum<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan. In the present study the genotype data may provide valuable information essential for monitoring the impact of malaria eradication efforts in this region.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0264654","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T13:46:23Z","timestamp":1646747183000},"page":"e0264654","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1371\/journal.pone.corrections_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Genomic miscellany and allelic frequencies of Plasmodium falciparum msp-1, msp-2 and glurp in parasite 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Gul","family":"Afridi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"340","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0264654.ref001","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2008.06.040","article-title":"Deconstructing export of malaria proteins","volume":"134","author":"S Bonnefoy","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell"},{"issue":"4","key":"pone.0264654.ref002","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(02)00239-6","article-title":"Epidemiology of drug-resistant malaria","volume":"2","author":"C Wongsrichanalai","year":"2002","journal-title":"Lancet Infect Dis"},{"issue":"1","key":"pone.0264654.ref003","first-page":"98","article-title":"Departmental audit of malaria control Programme 2001\u20132005 North West Frontier Province (NWFP)","volume":"20","author":"SA Asif","year":"2008","journal-title":"J Ayub Med Coll 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